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提交 0ae485dc 编写于 作者: R Richard Levitte
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New format for the FAQ. We now have different sections for different 

types of questions.  Hopefully, that'll make them easier to spot, and
specially, easier to refer to.
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浏览文件 @ 0ae485dc
......@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
Changes between 0.9.6 and 0.9.7 [xx XXX 2000]
*) Reformat the FAQ so the different questions and answers can be divided
i sections depending on the subject.
[Richard Levitte]
*) Have the zlib compression code load ZLIB.DLL dynamically under
Windows.
[Richard Levitte]
......
FAQ
浏览文件 @ 0ae485dc
OpenSSL - Frequently Asked Questions
--------------------------------------
[MISC] Miscellaneous questions
* Which is the current version of OpenSSL?
* Where is the documentation?
* How can I contact the OpenSSL developers?
* Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
* Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used?
[LEGAL] Legal questions
* Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL?
* Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
* Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O?
[USER] Questions on using the OpenSSL applications
* Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message?
* Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols?
* Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
* I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why?
* How do I read or write a DER encoded buffer using the ASN1 functions?
* I've tried using <M_some_evil_pkcs12_macro> and I get errors why?
* I've called <some function> and it fails, why?
* I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean?
* Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms?
* How do I create certificates or certificate requests?
* Why can't I create certificate requests?
* Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error?
......@@ -23,14 +23,31 @@ OpenSSL - Frequently Asked Questions
* How can I create DSA certificates?
* Why can't I make an SSL connection using a DSA certificate?
* How can I remove the passphrase on a private key?
* Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL?
[BUILD] Questions about building and testing OpenSSL
* Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols?
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: command not found"?
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: 1 no implemented"?
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Alpha True64 Unix?
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail with "ar: command not found"?
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Win32 with VC++?
* Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used?
[PROG] Questions about programming with OpenSSL
* Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
* I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why?
* How do I read or write a DER encoded buffer using the ASN1 functions?
* I've tried using <M_some_evil_pkcs12_macro> and I get errors why?
* I've called <some function> and it fails, why?
* I just get a load of numbers for the error output, what do they mean?
* Why do I get errors about unknown algorithms?
* Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL?
* Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O?
===============================================================================
[MISC] ========================================================================
* Which is the current version of OpenSSL?
......@@ -81,42 +98,48 @@ OpenSSL. Information on the OpenSSL mailing lists is available from
<URL: http://www.openssl.org>.
* Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL?
* Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
The patents section of the README file lists patents that may apply to
you if you want to use OpenSSL. For information on intellectual
property rights, please consult a lawyer. The OpenSSL team does not
offer legal advice.
Some applications that use OpenSSL are distributed in binary form.
When using such an application, you don't need to install OpenSSL
yourself; the application will include the required parts (e.g. DLLs).
You can configure OpenSSL so as not to use RC5 and IDEA by using
./config no-rc5 no-idea
If you want to install OpenSSL on a Windows system and you don't have
a C compiler, read the "Mingw32" section of INSTALL.W32 for information
on how to obtain and install the free GNU C compiler.
A number of Linux and *BSD distributions include OpenSSL.
* Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
Yes (with limitations: an SSL connection may not concurrently be used
by multiple threads). On Windows and many Unix systems, OpenSSL
automatically uses the multi-threaded versions of the standard
libraries. If your platform is not one of these, consult the INSTALL
file.
* Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used?
Multi-threaded applications must provide two callback functions to
OpenSSL. This is described in the threads(3) manpage.
autoconf is a nice tool, but is unfortunately very Unix-centric.
Although one can come up with solution to have ports keep in track,
there's also some work needed for that, and can be quite painful at
times. If there was a 'autoconf'-like tool that generated perl
scripts or something similarly general, it would probably be used
in OpenSSL much earlier.
libtool has repeatadly been reported by some members of the OpenSSL
development and others to be a pain to use. So far, those in the
development team who have said anything about this have expressed
a wish to avoid libtool for that reason.
* Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O?
Yes; make sure to read the SSL_get_error(3) manual page!
[LEGAL] =======================================================================
A pitfall to avoid: Don't assume that SSL_read() will just read from
the underlying transport or that SSL_write() will just write to it --
it is also possible that SSL_write() cannot do any useful work until
there is data to read, or that SSL_read() cannot do anything until it
is possible to send data. One reason for this is that the peer may
request a new TLS/SSL handshake at any time during the protocol,
requiring a bi-directional message exchange; both SSL_read() and
SSL_write() will try to continue any pending handshake.
* Do I need patent licenses to use OpenSSL?
The patents section of the README file lists patents that may apply to
you if you want to use OpenSSL. For information on intellectual
property rights, please consult a lawyer. The OpenSSL team does not
offer legal advice.
You can configure OpenSSL so as not to use RC5 and IDEA by using
./config no-rc5 no-idea
[USER] ========================================================================
* Why do I get a "PRNG not seeded" error message?
......@@ -155,6 +178,70 @@ versions. However, be warned that /dev/random is usually a blocking
device, which may have some effects on OpenSSL.
* How do I create certificates or certificate requests?
Check out the CA.pl(1) manual page. This provides a simple wrapper round
the 'req', 'verify', 'ca' and 'pkcs12' utilities. For finer control check
out the manual pages for the individual utilities and the certificate
extensions documentation (currently in doc/openssl.txt).
* Why can't I create certificate requests?
You typically get the error:
unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config
problems making Certificate Request
This is because it can't find the configuration file. Check out the
DIAGNOSTICS section of req(1) for more information.
* Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error?
This problem is usually indicated by log messages saying something like
"unable to get local issuer certificate" or "self signed certificate".
When a certificate is verified its root CA must be "trusted" by OpenSSL
this typically means that the CA certificate must be placed in a directory
or file and the relevant program configured to read it. The OpenSSL program
'verify' behaves in a similar way and issues similar error messages: check
the verify(1) program manual page for more information.
* Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL?
This is almost certainly because you are using an old "export grade" browser
which only supports weak encryption. Upgrade your browser to support 128 bit
ciphers.
* How can I create DSA certificates?
Check the CA.pl(1) manual page for a DSA certificate example.
* Why can't I make an SSL connection to a server using a DSA certificate?
Typically you'll see a message saying there are no shared ciphers when
the same setup works fine with an RSA certificate. There are two possible
causes. The client may not support connections to DSA servers most web
browsers (including Netscape and MSIE) only support connections to servers
supporting RSA cipher suites. The other cause is that a set of DH parameters
has not been supplied to the server. DH parameters can be created with the
dhparam(1) command and loaded using the SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh() for example:
check the source to s_server in apps/s_server.c for an example.
* How can I remove the passphrase on a private key?
Firstly you should be really *really* sure you want to do this. Leaving
a private key unencrypted is a major security risk. If you decide that
you do have to do this check the EXAMPLES sections of the rsa(1) and
dsa(1) manual pages.
[BUILD] =======================================================================
* Why does the linker complain about undefined symbols?
Maybe the compilation was interrupted, and make doesn't notice that
......@@ -179,17 +266,98 @@ If none of these helps, you may want to try using the current snapshot.
If the problem persists, please submit a bug report.
* Where can I get a compiled version of OpenSSL?
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: command not found"?
Some applications that use OpenSSL are distributed in binary form.
When using such an application, you don't need to install OpenSSL
yourself; the application will include the required parts (e.g. DLLs).
You didn't install "bc", the Unix calculator. If you want to run the
tests, get GNU bc from ftp://ftp.gnu.org or from your OS distributor.
If you want to install OpenSSL on a Windows system and you don't have
a C compiler, read the "Mingw32" section of INSTALL.W32 for information
on how to obtain and install the free GNU C compiler.
A number of Linux and *BSD distributions include OpenSSL.
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: 1 no implemented"?
On some SCO installations or versions, bc has a bug that gets triggered when
you run the test suite (using "make test"). The message returned is "bc:
1 not implemented". The best way to deal with this is to find another
implementation of bc and compile/install it. For example, GNU bc (see
http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html for download instructions) can
be safely used.
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Alpha True64 Unix?
On some Alpha installations running True64 Unix and Compaq C, the compilation
of crypto/sha/sha_dgst.c fails with the message 'Fatal: Insufficient virtual
memory to continue compilation.' As far as the tests have shown, this may be
a compiler bug. What happens is that it eats up a lot of resident memory
to build something, probably a table. The problem is clearly in the
optimization code, because if one eliminates optimization completely (-O0),
the compilation goes through (and the compiler consumes about 2MB of resident
memory instead of 240MB or whatever one's limit is currently).
There are three options to solve this problem:
1. set your current data segment size soft limit higher. Experience shows
that about 241000 kbytes seems to be enough on an AlphaServer DS10. You do
this with the command 'ulimit -Sd nnnnnn', where 'nnnnnn' is the number of
kbytes to set the limit to.
2. If you have a hard limit that is lower than what you need and you can't
get it changed, you can compile all of OpenSSL with -O0 as optimization
level. This is however not a very nice thing to do for those who expect to
get the best result from OpenSSL. A bit more complicated solution is the
following:
----- snip:start -----
make DIRS=crypto SDIRS=sha "`grep '^CFLAG=' Makefile.ssl | \
sed -e 's/ -O[0-9] / -O0 /'`"
rm `ls crypto/*.o crypto/sha/*.o | grep -v 'sha_dgst\.o'`
make
----- snip:end -----
This will only compile sha_dgst.c with -O0, the rest with the optimization
level chosen by the configuration process. When the above is done, do the
test and installation and you're set.
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail with "ar: command not found"?
Getting this message is quite usual on Solaris 2, because Sun has hidden
away 'ar' and other development commands in directories that aren't in
$PATH by default. One of those directories is '/usr/ccs/bin'. The
quickest way to fix this is to do the following (it assumes you use sh
or any sh-compatible shell):
----- snip:start -----
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/ccs/bin; export PATH
----- snip:end -----
and then redo the compilation. What you should really do is make sure
'/usr/ccs/bin' is permanently in your $PATH, for example through your
'.profile' (again, assuming you use a sh-compatible shell).
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Win32 with VC++?
Sometimes, you may get reports from VC++ command line (cl) that it
can't find standard include files like stdio.h and other weirdnesses.
One possible cause is that the environment isn't correctly set up.
To solve that problem, one should run VCVARS32.BAT which is found in
the 'bin' subdirectory of the VC++ installation directory (somewhere
under 'Program Files'). This needs to be done prior to running NMAKE,
and the changes are only valid for the current DOS session.
[PROG] ========================================================================
* Is OpenSSL thread-safe?
Yes (with limitations: an SSL connection may not concurrently be used
by multiple threads). On Windows and many Unix systems, OpenSSL
automatically uses the multi-threaded versions of the standard
libraries. If your platform is not one of these, consult the INSTALL
file.
Multi-threaded applications must provide two callback functions to
OpenSSL. This is described in the threads(3) manpage.
* I've compiled a program under Windows and it crashes: why?
......@@ -276,68 +444,6 @@ is forgetting to load OpenSSL's table of algorithms with
OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms(). See the manual page for more information.
* How do I create certificates or certificate requests?
Check out the CA.pl(1) manual page. This provides a simple wrapper round
the 'req', 'verify', 'ca' and 'pkcs12' utilities. For finer control check
out the manual pages for the individual utilities and the certificate
extensions documentation (currently in doc/openssl.txt).
* Why can't I create certificate requests?
You typically get the error:
unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config
problems making Certificate Request
This is because it can't find the configuration file. Check out the
DIAGNOSTICS section of req(1) for more information.
* Why does <SSL program> fail with a certificate verify error?
This problem is usually indicated by log messages saying something like
"unable to get local issuer certificate" or "self signed certificate".
When a certificate is verified its root CA must be "trusted" by OpenSSL
this typically means that the CA certificate must be placed in a directory
or file and the relevant program configured to read it. The OpenSSL program
'verify' behaves in a similar way and issues similar error messages: check
the verify(1) program manual page for more information.
* Why can I only use weak ciphers when I connect to a server using OpenSSL?
This is almost certainly because you are using an old "export grade" browser
which only supports weak encryption. Upgrade your browser to support 128 bit
ciphers.
* How can I create DSA certificates?
Check the CA.pl(1) manual page for a DSA certificate example.
* Why can't I make an SSL connection to a server using a DSA certificate?
Typically you'll see a message saying there are no shared ciphers when
the same setup works fine with an RSA certificate. There are two possible
causes. The client may not support connections to DSA servers most web
browsers (including Netscape and MSIE) only support connections to servers
supporting RSA cipher suites. The other cause is that a set of DH parameters
has not been supplied to the server. DH parameters can be created with the
dhparam(1) command and loaded using the SSL_CTX_set_tmp_dh() for example:
check the source to s_server in apps/s_server.c for an example.
* How can I remove the passphrase on a private key?
Firstly you should be really *really* sure you want to do this. Leaving
a private key unencrypted is a major security risk. If you decide that
you do have to do this check the EXAMPLES sections of the rsa(1) and
dsa(1) manual pages.
* Why can't the OpenSSH configure script detect OpenSSL?
There is a problem with OpenSSH 1.2.2p1, in that the configure script
......@@ -379,97 +485,19 @@ applied to the OpenSSH distribution:
----- snip:end -----
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: command not found"?
You didn't install "bc", the Unix calculator. If you want to run the
tests, get GNU bc from ftp://ftp.gnu.org or from your OS distributor.
* Why does the OpenSSL test fail with "bc: 1 no implemented"?
On some SCO installations or versions, bc has a bug that gets triggered when
you run the test suite (using "make test"). The message returned is "bc:
1 not implemented". The best way to deal with this is to find another
implementation of bc and compile/install it. For example, GNU bc (see
http://www.gnu.org/software/software.html for download instructions) can
be safely used.
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Alpha True64 Unix?
On some Alpha installations running True64 Unix and Compaq C, the compilation
of crypto/sha/sha_dgst.c fails with the message 'Fatal: Insufficient virtual
memory to continue compilation.' As far as the tests have shown, this may be
a compiler bug. What happens is that it eats up a lot of resident memory
to build something, probably a table. The problem is clearly in the
optimization code, because if one eliminates optimization completely (-O0),
the compilation goes through (and the compiler consumes about 2MB of resident
memory instead of 240MB or whatever one's limit is currently).
There are three options to solve this problem:
1. set your current data segment size soft limit higher. Experience shows
that about 241000 kbytes seems to be enough on an AlphaServer DS10. You do
this with the command 'ulimit -Sd nnnnnn', where 'nnnnnn' is the number of
kbytes to set the limit to.
2. If you have a hard limit that is lower than what you need and you can't
get it changed, you can compile all of OpenSSL with -O0 as optimization
level. This is however not a very nice thing to do for those who expect to
get the best result from OpenSSL. A bit more complicated solution is the
following:
----- snip:start -----
make DIRS=crypto SDIRS=sha "`grep '^CFLAG=' Makefile.ssl | \
sed -e 's/ -O[0-9] / -O0 /'`"
rm `ls crypto/*.o crypto/sha/*.o | grep -v 'sha_dgst\.o'`
make
----- snip:end -----
This will only compile sha_dgst.c with -O0, the rest with the optimization
level chosen by the configuration process. When the above is done, do the
test and installation and you're set.
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail with "ar: command not found"?
Getting this message is quite usual on Solaris 2, because Sun has hidden
away 'ar' and other development commands in directories that aren't in
$PATH by default. One of those directories is '/usr/ccs/bin'. The
quickest way to fix this is to do the following (it assumes you use sh
or any sh-compatible shell):
----- snip:start -----
PATH=${PATH}:/usr/ccs/bin; export PATH
----- snip:end -----
and then redo the compilation. What you should really do is make sure
'/usr/ccs/bin' is permanently in your $PATH, for example through your
'.profile' (again, assuming you use a sh-compatible shell).
* Why does the OpenSSL compilation fail on Win32 with VC++?
Sometimes, you may get reports from VC++ command line (cl) that it
can't find standard include files like stdio.h and other weirdnesses.
One possible cause is that the environment isn't correctly set up.
To solve that problem, one should run VCVARS32.BAT which is found in
the 'bin' subdirectory of the VC++ installation directory (somewhere
under 'Program Files'). This needs to be done prior to running NMAKE,
and the changes are only valid for the current DOS session.
* Can I use OpenSSL's SSL library with non-blocking I/O?
Yes; make sure to read the SSL_get_error(3) manual page!
* Why aren't tools like 'autoconf' and 'libtool' used?
A pitfall to avoid: Don't assume that SSL_read() will just read from
the underlying transport or that SSL_write() will just write to it --
it is also possible that SSL_write() cannot do any useful work until
there is data to read, or that SSL_read() cannot do anything until it
is possible to send data. One reason for this is that the peer may
request a new TLS/SSL handshake at any time during the protocol,
requiring a bi-directional message exchange; both SSL_read() and
SSL_write() will try to continue any pending handshake.
autoconf is a nice tool, but is unfortunately very Unix-centric.
Although one can come up with solution to have ports keep in track,
there's also some work needed for that, and can be quite painful at
times. If there was a 'autoconf'-like tool that generated perl
scripts or something similarly general, it would probably be used
in OpenSSL much earlier.
libtool has repeatadly been reported by some members of the OpenSSL
development and others to be a pain to use. So far, those in the
development team who have said anything about this have expressed
a wish to avoid libtool for that reason.
===============================================================================
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