# Active Storage
Active Storage makes it simple to upload and reference files in cloud services like [Amazon S3](https://aws.amazon.com/s3/), [Google Cloud Storage](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/), or [Microsoft Azure Storage](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/storage/), and attach those files to Active Records. Supports having one main service and mirrors in other services for redundancy. It also provides a disk service for testing or local deployments, but the focus is on cloud storage.
Files can be uploaded from the server to the cloud or directly from the client to the cloud.
Image files can furthermore be transformed using on-demand variants for quality, aspect ratio, size, or any other [MiniMagick](https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick) or [Vips](https://www.rubydoc.info/gems/ruby-vips/Vips/Image) supported transformation.
You can read more about Active Storage in the [Active Storage Overview](https://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/active_storage_overview.html) guide.
## Compared to other storage solutions
A key difference to how Active Storage works compared to other attachment solutions in Rails is through the use of built-in [Blob](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/blob.rb) and [Attachment](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activestorage/app/models/active_storage/attachment.rb) models (backed by Active Record). This means existing application models do not need to be modified with additional columns to associate with files. Active Storage uses polymorphic associations via the `Attachment` join model, which then connects to the actual `Blob`.
`Blob` models store attachment metadata (filename, content-type, etc.), and their identifier key in the storage service. Blob models do not store the actual binary data. They are intended to be immutable in spirit. One file, one blob. You can associate the same blob with multiple application models as well. And if you want to do transformations of a given `Blob`, the idea is that you'll simply create a new one, rather than attempt to mutate the existing one (though of course you can delete the previous version later if you don't need it).
## Installation
Run `bin/rails active_storage:install` to copy over active_storage migrations.
NOTE: If the task cannot be found, verify that `require "active_storage/engine"` is present in `config/application.rb`.
## Examples
One attachment:
```ruby
class User < ApplicationRecord
# Associates an attachment and a blob. When the user is destroyed they are
# purged by default (models destroyed, and resource files deleted).
has_one_attached :avatar
end
# Attach an avatar to the user.
user.avatar.attach(io: File.open("/path/to/face.jpg"), filename: "face.jpg", content_type: "image/jpg")
# Does the user have an avatar?
user.avatar.attached? # => true
# Synchronously destroy the avatar and actual resource files.
user.avatar.purge
# Destroy the associated models and actual resource files async, via Active Job.
user.avatar.purge_later
# Does the user have an avatar?
user.avatar.attached? # => false
# Generate a permanent URL for the blob that points to the application.
# Upon access, a redirect to the actual service endpoint is returned.
# This indirection decouples the public URL from the actual one, and
# allows for example mirroring attachments in different services for
# high-availability. The redirection has an HTTP expiration of 5 min.
url_for(user.avatar)
class AvatarsController < ApplicationController
def update
# params[:avatar] contains an ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile object
Current.user.avatar.attach(params.require(:avatar))
redirect_to Current.user
end
end
```
Many attachments:
```ruby
class Message < ApplicationRecord
has_many_attached :images
end
```
```erb
<%= form_with model: @message, local: true do |form| %>
<%= form.text_field :title, placeholder: "Title" %>
<%= form.text_area :content %>
<%= form.file_field :images, multiple: true %>
<%= form.submit %>
<% end %>
```
```ruby
class MessagesController < ApplicationController
def index
# Use the built-in with_attached_images scope to avoid N+1
@messages = Message.all.with_attached_images
end
def create
message = Message.create! params.require(:message).permit(:title, :content)
message.images.attach(params[:message][:images])
redirect_to message
end
def show
@message = Message.find(params[:id])
end
end
```
Variation of image attachment:
```erb
<%# Hitting the variant URL will lazy transform the original blob and then redirect to its new service location %>
<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(resize_to_limit: [100, 100]) %>
```
## File serving strategies
Active Storage supports two ways to serve files: redirecting and proxying.
### Redirecting
Active Storage generates stable application URLs for files which, when accessed, redirect to signed, short-lived service URLs. This relieves application servers of the burden of serving file data. It is the default file serving strategy.
When the application is configured to proxy files by default, use the `rails_storage_redirect_path` and `_url` route helpers to redirect instead:
```erb
<%= image_tag rails_storage_redirect_path(@user.avatar) %>
```
### Proxying
Optionally, files can be proxied instead. This means that your application servers will download file data from the storage service in response to requests. This can be useful for serving files from a CDN.
Explicitly proxy attachments using the `rails_storage_proxy_path` and `_url` route helpers:
```erb
<%= image_tag rails_storage_proxy_path(@user.avatar) %>
```
Or configure Active Storage to use proxying by default:
```ruby
# config/initializers/active_storage.rb
Rails.application.config.active_storage.resolve_model_to_route = :rails_storage_proxy
```
## Direct uploads
Active Storage, with its included JavaScript library, supports uploading directly from the client to the cloud.
### Direct upload installation
1. Include `activestorage.js` in your application's JavaScript bundle.
Using the asset pipeline:
```js
//= require activestorage
```
Using the npm package:
```js
import * as ActiveStorage from "@rails/activestorage"
ActiveStorage.start()
```
2. Annotate file inputs with the direct upload URL.
```ruby
<%= form.file_field :attachments, multiple: true, direct_upload: true %>
```
3. That's it! Uploads begin upon form submission.
### Direct upload JavaScript events
| Event name | Event target | Event data (`event.detail`) | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `direct-uploads:start` | `