index.md

---
type: reference, howto
---

# Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) **(ULTIMATE)**

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/issues/4348) in [GitLab Ultimate](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 10.4.

NOTE: **4 of the top 6 attacks were application based.**
Download our whitepaper,
["A Seismic Shift in Application Security"](https://about.gitlab.com/resources/whitepaper-seismic-shift-application-security/)
to learn how to protect your organization.

Running [static checks](../sast/index.md) on your code is the first step to detect
vulnerabilities that can put the security of your code at risk. Yet, once
deployed, your application is exposed to a new category of possible attacks,
such as cross-site scripting or broken authentication flaws. This is where
Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) comes into place.

## Overview

If you are using [GitLab CI/CD](../../../ci/README.md), you can analyze your running web application(s)
for known vulnerabilities using Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST).

You can take advantage of DAST by either [including the CI job](#configuration) in
your existing `.gitlab-ci.yml` file or by implicitly using
[Auto DAST](../../../topics/autodevops/stages.md#auto-dast-ultimate)
that is provided by [Auto DevOps](../../../topics/autodevops/index.md).

GitLab checks the DAST report, compares the found vulnerabilities between the source and target
branches, and shows the information right on the merge request.

NOTE: **Note:**
This comparison logic uses only the latest pipeline executed for the target branch's base commit.
Running the pipeline on any other commit has no effect on the merge request.

![DAST Widget](img/dast_all_v12_9.png)

By clicking on one of the detected linked vulnerabilities, you will be able to
see the details and the URL(s) affected.

![DAST Widget Clicked](img/dast_single_v12_9.png)

[Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Application_Security_Testing)
is using the popular open source tool [OWASP ZAProxy](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy)
to perform an analysis on your running web application.

By default, DAST executes [ZAP Baseline Scan](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/ZAP-Baseline-Scan) and will perform passive scanning only. It will not actively attack your application.

However, DAST can be [configured](#full-scan)
to also perform a so-called "active scan". That is, attack your application and produce a more extensive security report.
It can be very useful combined with [Review Apps](../../../ci/review_apps/index.md).

## Use cases

It helps you automatically find security vulnerabilities in your running web
applications while you are developing and testing your applications.

## Requirements

To run a DAST job, you need GitLab Runner with the
[`docker` executor](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html).

## Configuration

For GitLab 11.9 and later, to enable DAST, you must
[include](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#includetemplate) the
[`DAST.gitlab-ci.yml` template](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates/Security/DAST.gitlab-ci.yml)
that's provided as a part of your GitLab installation.
For GitLab versions earlier than 11.9, you can copy and use the job as defined
in that template.

Add the following to your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_WEBSITE: https://example.com
```

There are two ways to define the URL to be scanned by DAST:

1. Set the `DAST_WEBSITE` [variable](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#variables).

1. Add it in an `environment_url.txt` file at the root of your project.
    This is great for testing in dynamic environments. In order to run DAST against
    an app that is dynamically created during a GitLab CI/CD pipeline, have the app
    persist its domain in an `environment_url.txt` file, and DAST will
    automatically parse that file to find its scan target.
    You can see an [example](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates/Jobs/Deploy.gitlab-ci.yml)
    of this in our Auto DevOps CI YML.

If both values are set, the `DAST_WEBSITE` value will take precedence.

The included template will create a `dast` job in your CI/CD pipeline and scan
your project's source code for possible vulnerabilities.

The results will be saved as a
[DAST report artifact](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#artifactsreportsdast-ultimate)
that you can later download and analyze. Due to implementation limitations we
always take the latest DAST artifact available. Behind the scenes, the
[GitLab DAST Docker image](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast)
is used to run the tests on the specified URL and scan it for possible vulnerabilities.

By default, the DAST template will use the latest major version of the DAST Docker image. Using the `DAST_VERSION` variable,
you can choose to automatically update DAST with new features and fixes by pinning to a major version (e.g. 1), only update fixes by pinning to a minor version (e.g. 1.6) or prevent all updates by pinning to a specific version (e.g. 1.6.4).
Find the latest DAST versions on the [Releases](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast/-/releases) page.

### When DAST scans run

When using `DAST.gitlab-ci.yml` template, the `dast` job is run last as shown in the example below. To ensure DAST is scanning the latest code, your CI pipeline should deploy changes to the web server in one of the jobs preceeding the `dast` job.

```yaml
stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy
  - dast
```

Be aware that if your pipeline is configured to deploy to the same webserver in each run, running a pipeline while another is still running, could cause a race condition
where one pipeline overwrites the code from another pipeline. The site to be scanned should be excluded from changes for the duration of a DAST scan.
The only changes to the site should be from the DAST scanner. Be aware that any changes that users, scheduled tasks, database or code changes, other pipelines, or other scanners make to
the site during a scan could lead to inaccurate results.

### Authenticated scan

It's also possible to authenticate the user before performing the DAST checks:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_WEBSITE: https://example.com
  DAST_AUTH_URL: https://example.com/sign-in
  DAST_USERNAME: john.doe@example.com
  DAST_PASSWORD: john-doe-password
  DAST_USERNAME_FIELD: session[user] # the name of username field at the sign-in HTML form
  DAST_PASSWORD_FIELD: session[password] # the name of password field at the sign-in HTML form
  DAST_AUTH_EXCLUDE_URLS: http://example.com/sign-out,http://example.com/sign-out-2 # optional, URLs to skip during the authenticated scan; comma-separated, no spaces in between
```

The results will be saved as a
[DAST report artifact](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#artifactsreportsdast-ultimate)
that you can later download and analyze.
Due to implementation limitations, we always take the latest DAST artifact available.

### Full scan

DAST can be configured to perform [ZAP Full Scan](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/ZAP-Full-Scan), which
includes both passive and active scanning against the same target website:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_FULL_SCAN_ENABLED: "true"
```

#### Domain validation

The DAST job can be run anywhere, which means you can accidentally hit live web servers
and potentially damage them. You could even take down your production environment.
For that reason, you should use domain validation.

Domain validation is not required by default. It can be required by setting the [environment variable](#available-variables) `DAST_FULL_SCAN_DOMAIN_VALIDATION_REQUIRED` to true.

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_FULL_SCAN_ENABLED: "true"
  DAST_FULL_SCAN_DOMAIN_VALIDATION_REQUIRED: "true"
```

Since ZAP full scan actively attacks the target application, DAST sends a ping to the target (normally defined in `DAST_WEBSITE` or `environment_url.txt`) beforehand.

If `DAST_FULL_SCAN_DOMAIN_VALIDATION_REQUIRED` is false or unset, the scan will _proceed_ unless the response to the ping
includes a `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` header with a value of `deny`.

If `DAST_FULL_SCAN_DOMAIN_VALIDATION_REQUIRED` is true, the scan will _exit_ unless the response to the ping
includes a `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` header with a value of `allow`.

Here are some examples of adding the `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` header to a response in Rails, Django, and Node (with Express).

##### Ruby on Rails

Here's how you would add a [custom header in Ruby on Rails](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#setting-custom-headers):

```ruby
class DastWebsiteTargetController < ActionController::Base
  def dast_website_target
    response.headers['Gitlab-DAST-Permission'] = 'allow'

    head :ok
  end
end
```

##### Django

Here's how you would add a [custom header in Django](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/request-response/#setting-header-fields):

```python
class DastWebsiteTargetView(View):
    def head(self, *args, **kwargs):
      response = HttpResponse()
      response['Gitlab-Dast-Permission'] = 'allow'

      return response
```

##### Node (with Express)

Here's how you would add a [custom header in Node (with Express)](http://expressjs.com/en/5x/api.html#res.append):

```javascript
app.get('/dast-website-target', function(req, res) {
  res.append('Gitlab-DAST-Permission', 'allow')
  res.send('Respond to DAST ping')
})
```

##### Domain validation header via a proxy

It's also possible to add the `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` header via a proxy.

###### NGINX

The following config allows NGINX to act as a reverse proxy and add the `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` [header](http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_headers_module.html#add_header):

```nginx
# default.conf
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name localhost;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://test-application;
        add_header Gitlab-DAST-Permission allow;
    }
}
```

###### Apache

Apache can also be used as a [reverse proxy](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_proxy.html)
to add the `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` [header](https://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/mod/mod_headers.html).

To do so, add the following lines to `httpd.conf`:

```plaintext
# httpd.conf
LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so

<VirtualHost *:80>
  ProxyPass "/" "http://test-application.com/"
  ProxyPassReverse "/" "http://test-application.com/"
  Header set Gitlab-DAST-Permission "allow"
</VirtualHost>
```

[This snippet](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast/snippets/1894732) contains a complete `httpd.conf` file
configured to act as a remote proxy and add the `Gitlab-DAST-Permission` header.

### API scan

> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/10928) in [GitLab Ultimate](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 12.10.

Using an API specification as a scan's target is a useful way to seed URLs for scanning an API.
Vulnerability rules in an API scan are different than those in a normal website scan.

#### Specification format

API scans support OpenAPI V2 and OpenAPI V3 specifications. You can define these specifications using `JSON` or `YAML`.

#### Import API specification from a URL

If your API specification is accessible at a URL, you can pass that URL in directly as the target.
The specification doesn't have to be hosted on the same host as the API being tested.

```yml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_SPECIFICATION: http://my.api/api-specification.yml
```

#### Import API specification from a file

If your API specification is in your repository, you can provide the specification's filename directly as the target. The specification file is expected to be in the `/zap/wrk` directory.

```yml
dast:
  script:
    - mkdir -p /zap/wrk
    - cp api-specification.yml /zap/wrk/api-specification.yml
    - /analyze -t $DAST_WEBSITE
  variables:
    GIT_STRATEGY: fetch
    DAST_API_SPECIFICATION: api-specification.yml
```

#### Full scan

API scans support full scanning, which can be enabled by using the `DAST_FULL_SCAN_ENABLED` environment variable. Domain validation isn't supported for full API scans.

#### Host override

Specifications often define a host, which contains a domain name and a port. The host referenced may be different than the host of the API's review instance.
This can cause incorrect URLs to be imported, or a scan on an incorrect host. Use the `DAST_API_HOST_OVERRIDE` environment variable to override these values.

For example, with a OpenAPI V3 specification containing:

```yml
servers:
  - url: https://api.host.com
```

If the test version of the API is running at `https://api-test.host.com`, then the following DAST configuration can be used:

```yml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_SPECIFICATION: http://api-test.host.com/api-specification.yml
  DAST_API_HOST_OVERRIDE: api-test.host.com
```

Note that `DAST_API_HOST_OVERRIDE` is only applied to specifications imported by URL.

#### Authentication using headers

Tokens in request headers are often used as a way to authenticate API requests. You can achieve this by using the `DAST_REQUEST_HEADERS` environment variable. Headers are applied to every request DAST makes.

```yml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_API_SPECIFICATION: http://api-test.api.com/api-specification.yml
  DAST_REQUEST_HEADERS: "Authorization: Bearer my.token"
```

### Customizing the DAST settings

The DAST settings can be changed through environment variables by using the
[`variables`](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#variables) parameter in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
These variables are documented in [available variables](#available-variables).

For example:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

variables:
  DAST_WEBSITE: https://example.com
  DAST_TARGET_AVAILABILITY_TIMEOUT: 120
```

Because the template is [evaluated before](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#include) the pipeline
configuration, the last mention of the variable will take precedence.

### Overriding the DAST template

If you want to override the job definition (for example, change properties like
`variables` or `dependencies`), you need to declare a `dast` job after the
template inclusion and specify any additional keys under it. For example:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  stage: dast # IMPORTANT: don't forget to add this
  variables:
    DAST_WEBSITE: https://example.com
    CI_DEBUG_TRACE: "true"
```

As the DAST job belongs to a separate `dast` stage that runs after all
[default stages](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#stages),
don't forget to add `stage: dast` when you override the template job definition.

### Available variables

DAST can be [configured](#customizing-the-dast-settings) using environment variables.

| Environment variable        | Required   | Description                                                                    |
|-----------------------------| ----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `DAST_WEBSITE`  | no| The URL of the website to scan. `DAST_API_SPECIFICATION` must be specified if this is omitted. |
| `DAST_API_SPECIFICATION`  | no | The API specification to import. `DAST_WEBSITE` must be specified if this is omitted. |
| `DAST_AUTH_URL` | no | The authentication URL of the website to scan. Not supported for API scans. |
| `DAST_USERNAME` | no | The username to authenticate to in the website. |
| `DAST_PASSWORD` | no | The password to authenticate to in the website. |
| `DAST_USERNAME_FIELD` | no | The name of username field at the sign-in HTML form. |
| `DAST_PASSWORD_FIELD` | no | The name of password field at the sign-in HTML form. |
| `DAST_AUTH_EXCLUDE_URLS` | no | The URLs to skip during the authenticated scan; comma-separated, no spaces in between. Not supported for API scans. |
| `DAST_TARGET_AVAILABILITY_TIMEOUT` | no | Time limit in seconds to wait for target availability. Scan is attempted nevertheless if it runs out. Integer. Defaults to `60`. |
| `DAST_FULL_SCAN_ENABLED` | no | Switches the tool to execute [ZAP Full Scan](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/ZAP-Full-Scan) instead of [ZAP Baseline Scan](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/ZAP-Baseline-Scan). Boolean. `true`, `True`, or `1` are considered as true value, otherwise false. Defaults to `false`. |
| `DAST_FULL_SCAN_DOMAIN_VALIDATION_REQUIRED` | no | Requires [domain validation](#domain-validation) when running DAST full scans. Boolean. `true`, `True`, or `1` are considered as true value, otherwise false. Defaults to `false`. Not supported for API scans. |
| `DAST_AUTO_UPDATE_ADDONS` | no | Set to `false` to pin the versions of ZAProxy add-ons to those provided with the DAST image. Defaults to `true`. |
| `DAST_API_HOST_OVERRIDE` | no | Used to override domains defined in API specification files. |
| `DAST_EXCLUDE_RULES` | no | Set to a comma-separated list of Vulnerability Rule IDs to exclude them from scans. Rule IDs are numbers and can be found from the DAST log or on the [ZAP project](https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/blob/master/docs/scanners.md). For example, `HTTP Parameter Override` has a rule ID of `10026`. |
| `DAST_REQUEST_HEADERS` | no | Set to a comma-separated list of request header names and values. For example, `Cache-control: no-cache,User-Agent: DAST/1.0` |

### DAST command-line options

Not all DAST configuration is available via environment variables. To find out all possible options, run the following configuration.
Available command-line options will be printed to the job log:

```yaml
include:
  template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - /analyze --help
```

You must then overwrite the `script` command to pass in the appropriate argument. For example, AJAX spidering can be enabled by using `-j`, as shown in the following configuration:

```yaml
include:
  template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
    - /analyze -j -t $DAST_WEBSITE
```

### Custom ZAProxy configuration

The ZAProxy server contains many [useful configurable values](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/issues/36437#note_245801885).
Many key/values for `-config` remain undocumented, but there is an untested list of [possible keys](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/issues/36437#note_244981023).
Note that these options are not supported by DAST, and may break the DAST scan when used. An example of how to rewrite the Authorization header value with `TOKEN` follows:

```yaml
include:
  template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
    - /analyze -z"-config replacer.full_list\(0\).description=auth -config replacer.full_list\(0\).enabled=true -config replacer.full_list\(0\).matchtype=REQ_HEADER -config replacer.full_list\(0\).matchstr=Authorization -config replacer.full_list\(0\).regex=false -config replacer.full_list\(0\).replacement=TOKEN" -t $DAST_WEBSITE
```

### Cloning the project's repository

The DAST job does not require the project's repository to be present when running, so by default
[`GIT_STRATEGY`](../../../ci/yaml/README.md#git-strategy) is set to `none`.

## Running DAST in an offline environment

For self-managed GitLab instances in an environment with limited, restricted, or intermittent access
to external resources through the internet, some adjustments are required for the DAST job to
successfully run. For more information, see [Offline environments](../offline_deployments/index.md).

### Requirements for offline DAST support

To use DAST in an offline environment, you need:

- GitLab Runner with the [`docker` or `kubernetes` executor](#requirements).
- Docker Container Registry with a locally available copy of the DAST [container image](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast), found in the [DAST container registry](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast/container_registry).

NOTE: **Note:**
GitLab Runner has a [default `pull policy` of `always`](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html#using-the-always-pull-policy),
meaning the runner may try to pull remote images even if a local copy is available. Set GitLab
Runner's [`pull_policy` to `if-not-present`](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html#using-the-if-not-present-pull-policy)
in an offline environment if you prefer using only locally available Docker images.

### Make GitLab DAST analyzer images available inside your Docker registry

For DAST, import the following default DAST analyzer image from `registry.gitlab.com` to your local "offline"
registry:

- `registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast:latest`

The process for importing Docker images into a local offline Docker registry depends on
**your network security policy**. Please consult your IT staff to find an accepted and approved
process by which external resources can be imported or temporarily accessed. Note that these scanners are [updated periodically](../index.md#maintenance-and-update-of-the-vulnerabilities-database)
with new definitions, so consider if you are able to make periodic updates yourself.

For details on saving and transporting Docker images as a file, see Docker's documentation on
[`docker save`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/save/), [`docker load`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/load/),
[`docker export`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/export/), and [`docker import`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/import/).

### Set DAST CI job variables to use local DAST analyzers

1. Add the following configuration to your `.gitlab-ci.yml` file. You must replace `image` to refer
   to the DAST Docker image hosted on your local Docker container registry:

   ```yaml
   include:
     - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

   dast:
     image: registry.example.com/namespace/dast:latest
     script:
        - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
        - /analyze -t $DAST_WEBSITE --auto-update-addons false -z"-silent"
   ```

The option `--auto-update-addons false` instructs ZAP not to update add-ons.

The option `-z` passes the quoted `-silent` parameter to ZAP. The `-silent` parameter ensures ZAP
does not make any unsolicited requests including checking for updates.

## Reports

The DAST job can emit various reports.

### JSON

CAUTION: **Caution:**
The JSON report artifacts are not a public API of DAST and their format is expected to change in the future.

The DAST tool always emits a JSON report file called `gl-dast-report.json` and sample reports can be found in the [DAST repository](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/security-products/dast/-/tree/master/test/end-to-end/expect).

There are two formats of data in the JSON report that are used side by side: the proprietary ZAP format which will be eventually deprecated, and a "common" format which will be the default in the future.

### Other formats

Reports can also be generated in Markdown, HTML, and XML.

Reports can be published as artifacts using the following configuration:

```yaml
include:
  template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
    - /analyze -r report.html -w report.md -x report.xml -t $DAST_WEBSITE
    - cp /zap/wrk/report.{html,md,xml} "$PWD"
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - report.html
      - report.md
      - report.xml
      - gl-dast-report.json
```

## Security Dashboard

The Security Dashboard is a good place to get an overview of all the security
vulnerabilities in your groups, projects and pipelines. Read more about the
[Security Dashboard](../security_dashboard/index.md).

## Bleeding-edge vulnerability definitions

ZAProxy first creates rules in the `alpha` class. After a testing period with the community, they are promoted to `beta`. DAST uses `beta` definitions by default. To request `alpha` definitions, use `-a` as shown in the following configuration:

```yaml
include:
  template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
    - /analyze -a -t $DAST_WEBSITE
```

## Interacting with the vulnerabilities

Once a vulnerability is found, you can interact with it. Read more on how to
[interact with the vulnerabilities](../index.md#interacting-with-the-vulnerabilities).

## Vulnerabilities database update

For more information about the vulnerabilities database update, check the
[maintenance table](../index.md#maintenance-and-update-of-the-vulnerabilities-database).

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## Troubleshooting

### Running out of memory

By default, ZAProxy, which DAST relies on, is allocated memory that sums to 25%
of the total memory on the host.
Since it keeps most of its information in memory during a scan,
it is possible for DAST to run out of memory while scanning large applications.
This results in the following error:

```plaintext
[zap.out] java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
```

Fortunately, it is straightforward to increase the amount of memory available
for DAST by overwriting the `script` key in the DAST template:

```yaml
include:
  - template: DAST.gitlab-ci.yml

dast:
  script:
    - export DAST_WEBSITE=${DAST_WEBSITE:-$(cat environment_url.txt)}
    - /analyze -t $DAST_WEBSITE -z"-Xmx3072m"
```

Here, DAST is being allocated 3072 MB.
Change the number after `-Xmx` to the required memory amount.