add_LRC_model

LRC/README.md

+# LRC Local Rademachar Complexity Regularization
+Regularization of Deep Neural Networks(DNNs) for the sake of improving their generalization capability is important and chllenging. This directory contains image classification model based on a novel regularizer rooted in Local Rademacher Complexity (LRC). We appreciate the contribution by [DARTS](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09055) for our research. The regularization by LRC and DARTS are combined in this model on CIFAR-10 dataset. Code accompanying the paper
+> [An Empirical Study on Regularization of Deep Neural Networks by Local Rademacher Complexity](https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00873)\
+> Yingzhen Yang, Xingjian Li, Jun Huan.\
+> _arXiv:1902.00873_.
+
+---
+# Table of Contents
+
+- [Installation](#installation)
+- [Data preparation](#data-preparation)
+- [Training](#training)
+
+## Installation
+
+Running sample code in this directory requires PaddelPaddle Fluid v.1.2.0 and later. If the PaddlePaddle on your device is lower than this version, please follow the instructions in [installation document](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/1.2/beginners_guide/install/index_cn.html#paddlepaddle) and make an update.
+
+## Data preparation
+
+When you want to use the cifar-10 dataset for the first time, you can download the dataset as:
+
+    sh ./dataset/download.sh
+
+Please make sure your environment has an internet connection.
+
+The dataset will be downloaded to `dataset/cifar/cifar-10-batches-py` in the same directory as the `train.py`. If automatic download fails, you can download cifar-10-python.tar.gz from https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html and decompress it to the location mentioned above.
+
+
+## Training
+
+After data preparation, one can start the training step by:
+
+    python -u train_mixup.py \
+        --batch_size=80 \
+        --auxiliary \
+        --weight_decay=0.0003 \
+        --learning_rate=0.025 \
+        --lrc_loss_lambda=0.7 \
+        --cutout
+- Set ```export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0``` to specifiy one GPU to train.
+- For more help on arguments:
+
+    python train_mixup.py --help
+
+**data reader introduction:**
+
+* Data reader is defined in `reader.py`.
+* Reshape the images to 32 * 32.
+* In training stage, images are padding to 40 * 40 and cropped randomly to the original size.
+* In training stage, images are horizontally random flipped.
+* Images are standardized to (0, 1).
+* In training stage, cutout images randomly.
+* Shuffle the order of the input images during training.
+
+**model configuration:**
+
+* Use auxiliary loss and auxiliary\_weight=0.4.
+* Use dropout and drop\_path\_prob=0.2.
+* Set lrc\_loss\_lambda=0.7.
+
+**training strategy:**
+
+*  Use momentum optimizer with momentum=0.9.
+*  Weight decay is 0.0003.
+*  Use cosine decay with init\_lr=0.025.
+*  Total epoch is 600.
+*  Use Xaiver initalizer to weight in conv2d, Constant initalizer to weight in batch norm and Normal initalizer to weight in fc.
+*  Initalize bias in batch norm and fc to zero constant and do not add bias to conv2d.
+
+
+## Reference
+
+  - DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search [`paper`](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09055)
+  - Differentiable architecture search in PyTorch [`code`](https://github.com/quark0/darts)

LRC/README_cn.md

+# LRC 局部Rademachar复杂度正则化
+为了在深度神经网络中提升泛化能力，正则化的选择十分重要也具有挑战性。本目录包括了一种基于局部rademacher复杂度的新型正则（LRC）的图像分类模型。十分感谢[DARTS](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09055)模型对本研究提供的帮助。该模型将LRC正则和DARTS网络相结合，在CIFAR-10数据集中得到了很出色的效果。代码和文章一同发布
+> [An Empirical Study on Regularization of Deep Neural Networks by Local Rademacher Complexity](https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00873)\
+> Yingzhen Yang, Xingjian Li, Jun Huan.\
+> _arXiv:1902.00873_.
+
+---
+# 内容
+
+- [安装](#安装)
+- [数据准备](#数据准备)
+- [模型训练](#模型训练)
+
+## 安装
+
+在当前目录下运行样例代码需要PadddlePaddle Fluid的v.1.2.0或以上的版本。如果你的运行环境中的PaddlePaddle低于此版本，请根据[安装文档](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/1.2/beginners_guide/install/index_cn.html#paddlepaddle)中的说明来更新PaddlePaddle。
+
+## 数据准备
+
+第一次使用CIFAR-10数据集时，您可以通过如果命令下载：
+
+    sh ./dataset/download.sh
+
+请确保您的环境有互联网连接。数据会下载到`train.py`同目录下的`dataset/cifar/cifar-10-batches-py`。如果下载失败，您可以自行从https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html上下载cifar-10-python.tar.gz并解压到上述位置。
+
+## 模型训练
+
+数据准备好后，可以通过如下命令开始训练：
+
+    python -u train_mixup.py \
+        --batch_size=80 \
+        --auxiliary \
+        --weight_decay=0.0003 \
+        --learning_rate=0.025 \
+        --lrc_loss_lambda=0.7 \
+        --cutout
+- 通过设置 ```export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0```指定单张GPU训练。
+- 可选参数见：
+
+    python train_mixup.py --help
+
+**数据读取器说明：**
+
+* 数据读取器定义在`reader.py`中
+* 输入图像尺寸统一变换为32 * 32
+* 训练时将图像填充为40 * 40然后随机剪裁为原输入图像大小
+* 训练时图像随机水平翻转
+* 对图像每个像素做归一化处理
+* 训练时对图像做随机遮挡
+* 训练时对输入图像做随机洗牌
+
+**模型配置：**
+
+* 使用辅助损失，辅助损失权重为0.4
+* 使用dropout，随机丢弃率为0.2
+* 设置lrc\_loss\_lambda为0.7
+
+**训练策略：**
+
+* 采用momentum优化算法训练，momentum=0.9
+* 权重衰减系数为0.0001
+* 采用正弦学习率衰减，初始学习率为0.025
+* 总共训练600轮
+* 对卷积权重采用Xaiver初始化，对batch norm权重采用固定初始化，对全连接层权重采用高斯初始化
+* 对batch norm和全连接层偏差采用固定初始化，不对卷积设置偏差
+
+
+## 引用
+
+  - DARTS: Differentiable Architecture Search [`论文`](https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.09055)
+  - Differentiable Architecture Search in PyTorch [`代码`](https://github.com/quark0/darts)

LRC/dataset/download.sh

+DIR="$( cd "$(dirname "$0")" ; pwd -P )"
+cd "$DIR"
+mkdir cifar
+cd cifar
+# Download the data.
+echo "Downloading..."
+wget https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar-10-python.tar.gz
+# Extract the data.
+echo "Extracting..."
+tar zvxf cifar-10-python.tar.gz

LRC/genotypes.py

+# Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+Genotype = namedtuple('Genotype', 'normal normal_concat reduce reduce_concat')
+
+PRIMITIVES = [
+    'none', 'max_pool_3x3', 'avg_pool_3x3', 'skip_connect', 'sep_conv_3x3',
+    'sep_conv_5x5', 'dil_conv_3x3', 'dil_conv_5x5'
+]
+
+NASNet = Genotype(
+    normal=[
+        ('sep_conv_5x5', 1),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_5x5', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('skip_connect', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 1),
+        ('skip_connect', 1),
+    ],
+    normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    reduce=[
+        ('sep_conv_5x5', 1),
+        ('sep_conv_7x7', 0),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('sep_conv_7x7', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('sep_conv_5x5', 0),
+        ('skip_connect', 3),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 2),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 2),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 1),
+    ],
+    reduce_concat=[4, 5, 6], )
+
+AmoebaNet = Genotype(
+    normal=[
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_5x5', 2),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 3),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 1),
+        ('skip_connect', 1),
+        ('skip_connect', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 1),
+    ],
+    normal_concat=[4, 5, 6],
+    reduce=[
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 1),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_7x7', 2),
+        ('sep_conv_7x7', 0),
+        ('avg_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 0),
+        ('max_pool_3x3', 1),
+        ('conv_7x1_1x7', 0),
+        ('sep_conv_3x3', 5),
+    ],
+    reduce_concat=[3, 4, 6])
+
+DARTS_V1 = Genotype(
+    normal=[('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 0),
+            ('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1),
+            ('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2)],
+    normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5],
+    reduce=[('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 2),
+            ('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2),
+            ('skip_connect', 2), ('avg_pool_3x3', 0)],
+    reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5])
+DARTS_V2 = Genotype(
+    normal=[('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 0),
+            ('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 0),
+            ('skip_connect', 0), ('dil_conv_3x3', 2)],
+    normal_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5],
+    reduce=[('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('skip_connect', 2),
+            ('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2),
+            ('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 1)],
+    reduce_concat=[2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+MY_DARTS = Genotype(
+    normal=[('sep_conv_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 1), ('skip_connect', 0),
+            ('dil_conv_5x5', 1), ('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1),
+            ('skip_connect', 0), ('sep_conv_3x3', 1)],
+    normal_concat=range(2, 6),
+    reduce=[('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('max_pool_3x3', 1), ('max_pool_3x3', 0),
+            ('skip_connect', 2), ('max_pool_3x3', 0), ('skip_connect', 2),
+            ('skip_connect', 2), ('skip_connect', 3)],
+    reduce_concat=range(2, 6))
+
+DARTS = MY_DARTS

LRC/learning_rate.py

+# Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import paddle.fluid.layers.ops as ops
+from paddle.fluid.layers.learning_rate_scheduler import _decay_step_counter
+import math
+from paddle.fluid.initializer import init_on_cpu
+
+
+def cosine_decay(learning_rate, num_epoch, steps_one_epoch):
+    """Applies cosine decay to the learning rate.
+    lr = 0.5 * (math.cos(epoch * (math.pi / 120)) + 1)
+    """
+    global_step = _decay_step_counter()
+
+    with init_on_cpu():
+        decayed_lr = learning_rate * \
+                 (ops.cos((global_step / steps_one_epoch) \
+                 * math.pi / num_epoch) + 1)/2
+    return decayed_lr

LRC/model.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+import os
+import sys
+import numpy as np
+import time
+import functools
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+from operations import *
+
+
+class Cell():
+    def __init__(self, genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C, reduction,
+                 reduction_prev):
+        print(C_prev_prev, C_prev, C)
+
+        if reduction_prev:
+            self.preprocess0 = functools.partial(FactorizedReduce, C_out=C)
+        else:
+            self.preprocess0 = functools.partial(
+                ReLUConvBN, C_out=C, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
+        self.preprocess1 = functools.partial(
+            ReLUConvBN, C_out=C, kernel_size=1, stride=1, padding=0)
+        if reduction:
+            op_names, indices = zip(*genotype.reduce)
+            concat = genotype.reduce_concat
+        else:
+            op_names, indices = zip(*genotype.normal)
+            concat = genotype.normal_concat
+        print(op_names, indices, concat, reduction)
+        self._compile(C, op_names, indices, concat, reduction)
+
+    def _compile(self, C, op_names, indices, concat, reduction):
+        assert len(op_names) == len(indices)
+        self._steps = len(op_names) // 2
+        self._concat = concat
+        self.multiplier = len(concat)
+
+        self._ops = []
+        for name, index in zip(op_names, indices):
+            stride = 2 if reduction and index < 2 else 1
+            op = functools.partial(OPS[name], C=C, stride=stride, affine=True)
+            self._ops += [op]
+        self._indices = indices
+
+    def forward(self, s0, s1, drop_prob, is_train, name):
+        self.training = is_train
+        preprocess0_name = name + 'preprocess0.'
+        preprocess1_name = name + 'preprocess1.'
+        s0 = self.preprocess0(s0, name=preprocess0_name)
+        s1 = self.preprocess1(s1, name=preprocess1_name)
+        out = [s0, s1]
+        for i in range(self._steps):
+            h1 = out[self._indices[2 * i]]
+            h2 = out[self._indices[2 * i + 1]]
+            op1 = self._ops[2 * i]
+            op2 = self._ops[2 * i + 1]
+            h3 = op1(h1, name=name + '_ops.' + str(2 * i) + '.')
+            h4 = op2(h2, name=name + '_ops.' + str(2 * i + 1) + '.')
+            if self.training and drop_prob > 0.:
+                if h3 != h1:
+                    h3 = fluid.layers.dropout(
+                        h3,
+                        drop_prob,
+                        dropout_implementation='upscale_in_train')
+                if h4 != h2:
+                    h4 = fluid.layers.dropout(
+                        h4,
+                        drop_prob,
+                        dropout_implementation='upscale_in_train')
+            s = h3 + h4
+            out += [s]
+        return fluid.layers.concat([out[i] for i in self._concat], axis=1)
+
+
+def AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(input, num_classes, aux_name='auxiliary_head'):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    pool_a = fluid.layers.pool2d(relu_a, 5, 'avg', 3)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        pool_a,
+        128,
+        1,
+        name=aux_name + '.features.2',
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=aux_name + '.features.2.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    bn_a_name = aux_name + '.features.3'
+    bn_a = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+        conv2d_a,
+        act='relu',
+        name=bn_a_name,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(1.), name=bn_a_name + '.weight'),
+        bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(0.), name=bn_a_name + '.bias'),
+        moving_mean_name=bn_a_name + '.running_mean',
+        moving_variance_name=bn_a_name + '.running_var')
+    conv2d_b = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        bn_a,
+        768,
+        2,
+        name=aux_name + '.features.5',
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=aux_name + '.features.5.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    bn_b_name = aux_name + '.features.6'
+    bn_b = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+        conv2d_b,
+        act='relu',
+        name=bn_b_name,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(1.), name=bn_b_name + '.weight'),
+        bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(0.), name=bn_b_name + '.bias'),
+        moving_mean_name=bn_b_name + '.running_mean',
+        moving_variance_name=bn_b_name + '.running_var')
+    fc_name = aux_name + '.classifier'
+    fc = fluid.layers.fc(bn_b,
+                         num_classes,
+                         name=fc_name,
+                         param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                             initializer=Normal(scale=1e-3),
+                             name=fc_name + '.weight'),
+                         bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                             initializer=Constant(0.), name=fc_name + '.bias'))
+    return fc
+
+
+def StemConv(input, C_out, kernel_size, padding):
+    conv_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        input,
+        C_out,
+        kernel_size,
+        padding=padding,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0), name='stem.0.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    bn_a = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+        conv_a,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(1.), name='stem.1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Constant(0.), name='stem.1.bias'),
+        moving_mean_name='stem.1.running_mean',
+        moving_variance_name='stem.1.running_var')
+    return bn_a
+
+
+class NetworkCIFAR(object):
+    def __init__(self, C, class_num, layers, auxiliary, genotype):
+        self.class_num = class_num
+        self._layers = layers
+        self._auxiliary = auxiliary
+
+        stem_multiplier = 3
+        self.drop_path_prob = 0
+        C_curr = stem_multiplier * C
+
+        C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr = C_curr, C_curr, C
+        self.cells = []
+        reduction_prev = False
+        for i in range(layers):
+            if i in [layers // 3, 2 * layers // 3]:
+                C_curr *= 2
+                reduction = True
+            else:
+                reduction = False
+            cell = Cell(genotype, C_prev_prev, C_prev, C_curr, reduction,
+                        reduction_prev)
+            reduction_prev = reduction
+            self.cells += [cell]
+            C_prev_prev, C_prev = C_prev, cell.multiplier * C_curr
+            if i == 2 * layers // 3:
+                C_to_auxiliary = C_prev
+
+    def forward(self, init_channel, is_train):
+        self.training = is_train
+        self.logits_aux = None
+        num_channel = init_channel * 3
+        s0 = StemConv(self.image, num_channel, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
+        s1 = s0
+        for i, cell in enumerate(self.cells):
+            name = 'cells.' + str(i) + '.'
+            s0, s1 = s1, cell.forward(s0, s1, self.drop_path_prob, is_train,
+                                      name)
+            if i == int(2 * self._layers // 3):
+                if self._auxiliary and self.training:
+                    self.logits_aux = AuxiliaryHeadCIFAR(s1, self.class_num)
+        out = fluid.layers.adaptive_pool2d(s1, (1, 1), "avg")
+        self.logits = fluid.layers.fc(out,
+                                      size=self.class_num,
+                                      param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                                          initializer=Normal(scale=1e-3),
+                                          name='classifier.weight'),
+                                      bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                                          initializer=Constant(0.),
+                                          name='classifier.bias'))
+        return self.logits, self.logits_aux
+
+    def build_input(self, image_shape, batch_size, is_train):
+        if is_train:
+            py_reader = fluid.layers.py_reader(
+                capacity=64,
+                shapes=[[-1] + image_shape, [-1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, 1],
+                        [-1, 1], [-1, batch_size, self.class_num - 1]],
+                lod_levels=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+                dtypes=[
+                    "float32", "int64", "int64", "float32", "int32", "int32",
+                    "float32"
+                ],
+                use_double_buffer=True,
+                name='train_reader')
+        else:
+            py_reader = fluid.layers.py_reader(
+                capacity=64,
+                shapes=[[-1] + image_shape, [-1, 1]],
+                lod_levels=[0, 0],
+                dtypes=["float32", "int64"],
+                use_double_buffer=True,
+                name='test_reader')
+        return py_reader
+
+    def train_model(self, py_reader, init_channels, aux, aux_w, batch_size,
+                    loss_lambda):
+        self.image, self.ya, self.yb, self.lam, self.label_reshape,\
+           self.non_label_reshape, self.rad_var = fluid.layers.read_file(py_reader)
+        self.logits, self.logits_aux = self.forward(init_channels, True)
+        self.mixup_loss = self.mixup_loss(aux, aux_w)
+        self.lrc_loss = self.lrc_loss(batch_size)
+        return self.mixup_loss + loss_lambda * self.lrc_loss
+
+    def test_model(self, py_reader, init_channels):
+        self.image, self.ya = fluid.layers.read_file(py_reader)
+        self.logits, _ = self.forward(init_channels, False)
+        prob = fluid.layers.softmax(self.logits, use_cudnn=False)
+        loss = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(prob, self.ya)
+        acc_1 = fluid.layers.accuracy(self.logits, self.ya, k=1)
+        acc_5 = fluid.layers.accuracy(self.logits, self.ya, k=5)
+        return loss, acc_1, acc_5
+
+    def mixup_loss(self, auxiliary, auxiliary_weight):
+        prob = fluid.layers.softmax(self.logits, use_cudnn=False)
+        loss_a = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(prob, self.ya)
+        loss_b = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(prob, self.yb)
+        loss_a_mean = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(loss_a)
+        loss_b_mean = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(loss_b)
+        loss = self.lam * loss_a_mean + (1 - self.lam) * loss_b_mean
+        if auxiliary:
+            prob_aux = fluid.layers.softmax(self.logits_aux, use_cudnn=False)
+            loss_a_aux = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(prob_aux, self.ya)
+            loss_b_aux = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(prob_aux, self.yb)
+            loss_a_aux_mean = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(loss_a_aux)
+            loss_b_aux_mean = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(loss_b_aux)
+            loss_aux = self.lam * loss_a_aux_mean + (1 - self.lam
+                                                     ) * loss_b_aux_mean
+        return loss + auxiliary_weight * loss_aux
+
+    def lrc_loss(self, batch_size):
+        y_diff_reshape = fluid.layers.reshape(self.logits, shape=(-1, 1))
+        label_reshape = fluid.layers.squeeze(self.label_reshape, axes=[1])
+        non_label_reshape = fluid.layers.squeeze(
+            self.non_label_reshape, axes=[1])
+        label_reshape.stop_gradient = True
+        non_label_reshape.stop_graident = True
+
+        y_diff_label_reshape = fluid.layers.gather(y_diff_reshape,
+                                                   label_reshape)
+        y_diff_non_label_reshape = fluid.layers.gather(y_diff_reshape,
+                                                       non_label_reshape)
+        y_diff_label = fluid.layers.reshape(
+            y_diff_label_reshape, shape=(-1, batch_size, 1))
+        y_diff_non_label = fluid.layers.reshape(
+            y_diff_non_label_reshape,
+            shape=(-1, batch_size, self.class_num - 1))
+        y_diff_ = y_diff_non_label - y_diff_label
+
+        y_diff_ = fluid.layers.transpose(y_diff_, perm=[1, 2, 0])
+        rad_var_trans = fluid.layers.transpose(self.rad_var, perm=[1, 2, 0])
+        rad_y_diff_trans = rad_var_trans * y_diff_
+        lrc_loss_sum = fluid.layers.reduce_sum(rad_y_diff_trans, dim=[0, 1])
+        lrc_loss_ = fluid.layers.abs(lrc_loss_sum) / (batch_size *
+                                                      (self.class_num - 1))
+        lrc_loss_mean = fluid.layers.reduce_mean(lrc_loss_)
+
+        return lrc_loss_mean

LRC/operations.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+import os
+import sys
+import numpy as np
+import time
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+from paddle.fluid.param_attr import ParamAttr
+from paddle.fluid.initializer import Xavier
+from paddle.fluid.initializer import Normal
+from paddle.fluid.initializer import Constant
+
+OPS = {
+    'none' : lambda input, C, stride, name, affine: Zero(input, stride, name),
+    'avg_pool_3x3' : lambda input, C, stride, name, affine: fluid.layers.pool2d(input, 3, 'avg', pool_stride=stride, pool_padding=1, name=name),
+    'max_pool_3x3' : lambda input, C, stride, name, affine: fluid.layers.pool2d(input, 3, 'max', pool_stride=stride, pool_padding=1, name=name),
+    'skip_connect' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: Identity(input, name) if stride == 1 else FactorizedReduce(input, C, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'sep_conv_3x3' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: SepConv(input, C, C, 3, stride, 1, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'sep_conv_5x5' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: SepConv(input, C, C, 5, stride, 2, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'sep_conv_7x7' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: SepConv(input, C, C, 7, stride, 3, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'dil_conv_3x3' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: DilConv(input, C, C, 3, stride, 2, 2, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'dil_conv_5x5' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: DilConv(input, C, C, 5, stride, 4, 2, name=name, affine=affine),
+    'conv_7x1_1x7' : lambda input,C, stride, name, affine: SevenConv(input, C, name=name, affine=affine)
+}
+
+
+def ReLUConvBN(input, C_out, kernel_size, stride, padding, name='',
+               affine=True):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_a,
+        C_out,
+        kernel_size,
+        stride,
+        padding,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    if affine:
+        reluconvbn_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_a,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'op.2.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'op.2.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.2.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.2.running_var')
+    else:
+        reluconvbn_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_a,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.2.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.2.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.2.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.2.running_var')
+    return reluconvbn_out
+
+
+def DilConv(input,
+            C_in,
+            C_out,
+            kernel_size,
+            stride,
+            padding,
+            dilation,
+            name='',
+            affine=True):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_a,
+        C_in,
+        kernel_size,
+        stride,
+        padding,
+        dilation,
+        groups=C_in,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False,
+        use_cudnn=False)
+    conv2d_b = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        conv2d_a,
+        C_out,
+        1,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.2.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    if affine:
+        dilconv_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+    else:
+        dilconv_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+    return dilconv_out
+
+
+def SepConv(input,
+            C_in,
+            C_out,
+            kernel_size,
+            stride,
+            padding,
+            name='',
+            affine=True):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_a,
+        C_in,
+        kernel_size,
+        stride,
+        padding,
+        groups=C_in,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False,
+        use_cudnn=False)
+    conv2d_b = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        conv2d_a,
+        C_in,
+        1,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.2.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    if affine:
+        bn_a = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+    else:
+        bn_a = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+
+    relu_b = fluid.layers.relu(bn_a)
+    conv2d_d = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_b,
+        C_in,
+        kernel_size,
+        1,
+        padding,
+        groups=C_in,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.5.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False,
+        use_cudnn=False)
+    conv2d_e = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        conv2d_d,
+        C_out,
+        1,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.6.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    if affine:
+        sepconv_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_e,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'op.7.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'op.7.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.7.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.7.running_var')
+    else:
+        sepconv_out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_e,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.7.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.7.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.7.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.7.running_var')
+    return sepconv_out
+
+
+def SevenConv(input, C_out, stride, name='', affine=True):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_a,
+        C_out, (1, 7), (1, stride), (0, 3),
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    conv2d_b = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        conv2d_a,
+        C_out, (7, 1), (stride, 1), (3, 0),
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'op.2.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    if affine:
+        out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+    else:
+        out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            conv2d_b,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'op.3.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'op.3.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'op.3.running_var')
+
+
+def Identity(input, name=''):
+    return input
+
+
+def Zero(input, stride, name=''):
+    ones = np.ones(input.shape[-2:])
+    ones[::stride, ::stride] = 0
+    ones = fluid.layers.assign(ones)
+    return input * ones
+
+
+def FactorizedReduce(input, C_out, name='', affine=True):
+    relu_a = fluid.layers.relu(input)
+    conv2d_a = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        relu_a,
+        C_out // 2,
+        1,
+        2,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'conv_1.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    h_end = relu_a.shape[2]
+    w_end = relu_a.shape[3]
+    slice_a = fluid.layers.slice(relu_a, [2, 3], [1, 1], [h_end, w_end])
+    conv2d_b = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        slice_a,
+        C_out // 2,
+        1,
+        2,
+        param_attr=ParamAttr(
+            initializer=Xavier(
+                uniform=False, fan_in=0),
+            name=name + 'conv_2.weight'),
+        bias_attr=False)
+    out = fluid.layers.concat([conv2d_a, conv2d_b], axis=1)
+    if affine:
+        out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            out,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.), name=name + 'bn.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.), name=name + 'bn.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'bn.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'bn.running_var')
+    else:
+        out = fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            out,
+            param_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(1.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'bn.weight'),
+            bias_attr=ParamAttr(
+                initializer=Constant(0.),
+                learning_rate=0.,
+                name=name + 'bn.bias'),
+            moving_mean_name=name + 'bn.running_mean',
+            moving_variance_name=name + 'bn.running_var')
+    return out

LRC/reader.py

+# Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rig hts Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+"""
+CIFAR-10 dataset.
+This module will download dataset from
+https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html and parse train/test set into
+paddle reader creators.
+The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of 60000 32x32 colour images in 10 classes,
+with 6000 images per class. There are 50000 training images and 10000 test images.
+"""
+
+from PIL import Image
+from PIL import ImageOps
+import numpy as np
+
+import cPickle
+import random
+import utils
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import time
+import os
+import functools
+import paddle.reader
+
+__all__ = ['train10', 'test10']
+
+image_size = 32
+image_depth = 3
+half_length = 8
+
+CIFAR_MEAN = [0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465]
+CIFAR_STD = [0.24703233, 0.24348505, 0.26158768]
+
+
+def generate_reshape_label(label, batch_size, CIFAR_CLASSES=10):
+    reshape_label = np.zeros((batch_size, 1), dtype='int32')
+    reshape_non_label = np.zeros(
+        (batch_size * (CIFAR_CLASSES - 1), 1), dtype='int32')
+    num = 0
+    for i in range(batch_size):
+        label_i = label[i]
+        reshape_label[i] = label_i + i * CIFAR_CLASSES
+        for j in range(CIFAR_CLASSES):
+            if label_i != j:
+                reshape_non_label[num] = \
+                          j + i * CIFAR_CLASSES
+                num += 1
+    return reshape_label, reshape_non_label
+
+
+def generate_bernoulli_number(batch_size, CIFAR_CLASSES=10):
+    rcc_iters = 50
+    rad_var = np.zeros((rcc_iters, batch_size, CIFAR_CLASSES - 1))
+    for i in range(rcc_iters):
+        bernoulli_num = np.random.binomial(size=batch_size, n=1, p=0.5)
+        bernoulli_map = np.array([])
+        ones = np.ones((CIFAR_CLASSES - 1, 1))
+        for batch_id in range(batch_size):
+            num = bernoulli_num[batch_id]
+            var_id = 2 * ones * num - 1
+            bernoulli_map = np.append(bernoulli_map, var_id)
+        rad_var[i] = bernoulli_map.reshape((batch_size, CIFAR_CLASSES - 1))
+    return rad_var.astype('float32')
+
+
+def preprocess(sample, is_training, args):
+    image_array = sample.reshape(3, image_size, image_size)
+    rgb_array = np.transpose(image_array, (1, 2, 0))
+    img = Image.fromarray(rgb_array, 'RGB')
+
+    if is_training:
+        # pad and ramdom crop
+        img = ImageOps.expand(img, (4, 4, 4, 4), fill=0)  # pad to 40 * 40 * 3
+        left_top = np.random.randint(9, size=2)  # rand 0 - 8
+        img = img.crop((left_top[0], left_top[1], left_top[0] + image_size,
+                        left_top[1] + image_size))
+        if np.random.randint(2):
+            img = img.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
+
+    img = np.array(img).astype(np.float32)
+
+    # per_image_standardization
+    img_float = img / 255.0
+    img = (img_float - CIFAR_MEAN) / CIFAR_STD
+
+    if is_training and args.cutout:
+        center = np.random.randint(image_size, size=2)
+        offset_width = max(0, center[0] - half_length)
+        offset_height = max(0, center[1] - half_length)
+        target_width = min(center[0] + half_length, image_size)
+        target_height = min(center[1] + half_length, image_size)
+
+        for i in range(offset_height, target_height):
+            for j in range(offset_width, target_width):
+                img[i][j][:] = 0.0
+
+    img = np.transpose(img, (2, 0, 1))
+    return img
+
+
+def reader_creator_filepath(filename, sub_name, is_training, args):
+    files = os.listdir(filename)
+    names = [each_item for each_item in files if sub_name in each_item]
+    names.sort()
+    datasets = []
+    for name in names:
+        print("Reading file " + name)
+        batch = cPickle.load(open(filename + name, 'rb'))
+        data = batch['data']
+        labels = batch.get('labels', batch.get('fine_labels', None))
+        assert labels is not None
+        dataset = zip(data, labels)
+        datasets.extend(dataset)
+    random.shuffle(datasets)
+
+    def read_batch(datasets, args):
+        for sample, label in datasets:
+            im = preprocess(sample, is_training, args)
+            yield im, [int(label)]
+
+    def reader():
+        batch_data = []
+        batch_label = []
+        for data, label in read_batch(datasets, args):
+            batch_data.append(data)
+            batch_label.append(label)
+            if len(batch_data) == args.batch_size:
+                batch_data = np.array(batch_data, dtype='float32')
+                batch_label = np.array(batch_label, dtype='int64')
+                if is_training:
+                    flatten_label, flatten_non_label = \
+                      generate_reshape_label(batch_label, args.batch_size)
+                    rad_var = generate_bernoulli_number(args.batch_size)
+                    mixed_x, y_a, y_b, lam = utils.mixup_data(
+                        batch_data, batch_label, args.batch_size,
+                        args.mix_alpha)
+                    batch_out = [[mixed_x, y_a, y_b, lam, flatten_label, \
+                                flatten_non_label, rad_var]]
+                    yield batch_out
+                else:
+                    batch_out = [[batch_data, batch_label]]
+                    yield batch_out
+                batch_data = []
+                batch_label = []
+
+    return reader
+
+
+def train10(args):
+    """
+    CIFAR-10 training set creator.
+    It returns a reader creator, each sample in the reader is image pixels in
+    [0, 1] and label in [0, 9].
+    :return: Training reader creator
+    :rtype: callable
+    """
+
+    return reader_creator_filepath(args.data, 'data_batch', True, args)
+
+
+def test10(args):
+    """
+    CIFAR-10 test set creator.
+    It returns a reader creator, each sample in the reader is image pixels in
+    [0, 1] and label in [0, 9].
+    :return: Test reader creator.
+    :rtype: callable
+    """
+    return reader_creator_filepath(args.data, 'test_batch', False, args)

LRC/run.sh

+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python -u train_mixup.py \
+--batch_size=80 \
+--auxiliary \
+--weight_decay=0.0003 \
+--learning_rate=0.025 \
+--lrc_loss_lambda=0.7 \
+--cutout
+

LRC/train_mixup.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+from learning_rate import cosine_decay
+import numpy as np
+import argparse
+from model import NetworkCIFAR as Network
+import reader
+import sys
+import os
+import time
+import logging
+import genotypes
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import shutil
+import utils
+import cPickle as cp
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("cifar")
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--data',
+    type=str,
+    default='./dataset/cifar/cifar-10-batches-py/',
+    help='location of the data corpus')
+parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, default=96, help='batch size')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--learning_rate', type=float, default=0.025, help='init learning rate')
+parser.add_argument('--momentum', type=float, default=0.9, help='momentum')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--weight_decay', type=float, default=3e-4, help='weight decay')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--report_freq', type=float, default=50, help='report frequency')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--epochs', type=int, default=600, help='num of training epochs')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--init_channels', type=int, default=36, help='num of init channels')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--layers', type=int, default=20, help='total number of layers')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--model_path',
+    type=str,
+    default='saved_models',
+    help='path to save the model')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--auxiliary',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='use auxiliary tower')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--auxiliary_weight',
+    type=float,
+    default=0.4,
+    help='weight for auxiliary loss')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--cutout', action='store_true', default=False, help='use cutout')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--cutout_length', type=int, default=16, help='cutout length')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--drop_path_prob', type=float, default=0.2, help='drop path probability')
+parser.add_argument('--save', type=str, default='EXP', help='experiment name')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--arch', type=str, default='DARTS', help='which architecture to use')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--grad_clip', type=float, default=5, help='gradient clipping')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--lr_exp_decay',
+    action='store_true',
+    default=False,
+    help='use exponential_decay learning_rate')
+parser.add_argument('--mix_alpha', type=float, default=0.5, help='mixup alpha')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--lrc_loss_lambda', default=0, type=float, help='lrc_loss_lambda')
+parser.add_argument(
+    '--loss_type',
+    default=1,
+    type=float,
+    help='loss_type 0: cross entropy 1: multi margin loss 2: max margin loss')
+
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+CIFAR_CLASSES = 10
+dataset_train_size = 50000
+image_size = 32
+
+
+def main():
+    image_shape = [3, image_size, image_size]
+    devices = os.getenv("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES") or ""
+    devices_num = len(devices.split(","))
+    logging.info("args = %s", args)
+    genotype = eval("genotypes.%s" % args.arch)
+    model = Network(args.init_channels, CIFAR_CLASSES, args.layers,
+                    args.auxiliary, genotype)
+    steps_one_epoch = dataset_train_size / (devices_num * args.batch_size)
+    train(model, args, image_shape, steps_one_epoch)
+
+
+def build_program(main_prog, startup_prog, args, is_train, model, im_shape,
+                  steps_one_epoch):
+    out = []
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        py_reader = model.build_input(im_shape, args.batch_size, is_train)
+        if is_train:
+            with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+                loss = model.train_model(py_reader, args.init_channels,
+                                         args.auxiliary, args.auxiliary_weight,
+                                         args.batch_size, args.lrc_loss_lambda)
+                optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(
+                        learning_rate=cosine_decay(args.learning_rate, \
+                            args.epochs, steps_one_epoch),
+                        regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(\
+                            args.weight_decay),
+                        momentum=args.momentum)
+                optimizer.minimize(loss)
+                out = [py_reader, loss]
+        else:
+            with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+                loss, acc_1, acc_5 = model.test_model(py_reader,
+                                                      args.init_channels)
+                out = [py_reader, loss, acc_1, acc_5]
+    return out
+
+
+def train(model, args, im_shape, steps_one_epoch):
+    train_startup_prog = fluid.Program()
+    test_startup_prog = fluid.Program()
+    train_prog = fluid.Program()
+    test_prog = fluid.Program()
+
+    train_py_reader, loss_train = build_program(train_prog, train_startup_prog,
+                                                args, True, model, im_shape,
+                                                steps_one_epoch)
+
+    test_py_reader, loss_test, acc_1, acc_5 = build_program(
+        test_prog, test_startup_prog, args, False, model, im_shape,
+        steps_one_epoch)
+
+    test_prog = test_prog.clone(for_test=True)
+
+    place = fluid.CUDAPlace(0)
+    exe = fluid.Executor(place)
+    exe.run(train_startup_prog)
+    exe.run(test_startup_prog)
+
+    exec_strategy = fluid.ExecutionStrategy()
+    exec_strategy.num_threads = 1
+    train_exe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
+        main_program=train_prog,
+        use_cuda=True,
+        loss_name=loss_train.name,
+        exec_strategy=exec_strategy)
+    train_reader = reader.train10(args)
+    test_reader = reader.test10(args)
+    train_py_reader.decorate_paddle_reader(train_reader)
+    test_py_reader.decorate_paddle_reader(test_reader)
+
+    fluid.clip.set_gradient_clip(fluid.clip.GradientClipByNorm(args.grad_clip))
+    fluid.memory_optimize(fluid.default_main_program())
+
+    def save_model(postfix, main_prog):
+        model_path = os.path.join(args.model_path, postfix)
+        if os.path.isdir(model_path):
+            shutil.rmtree(model_path)
+        fluid.io.save_persistables(exe, model_path, main_program=main_prog)
+
+    def test(epoch_id):
+        test_fetch_list = [loss_test, acc_1, acc_5]
+        objs = utils.AvgrageMeter()
+        top1 = utils.AvgrageMeter()
+        top5 = utils.AvgrageMeter()
+        test_py_reader.start()
+        test_start_time = time.time()
+        step_id = 0
+        try:
+            while True:
+                prev_test_start_time = test_start_time
+                test_start_time = time.time()
+                loss_test_v, acc_1_v, acc_5_v = exe.run(
+                    test_prog, fetch_list=test_fetch_list)
+                objs.update(np.array(loss_test_v), args.batch_size)
+                top1.update(np.array(acc_1_v), args.batch_size)
+                top5.update(np.array(acc_5_v), args.batch_size)
+                if step_id % args.report_freq == 0:
+                    print("Epoch {}, Step {}, acc_1 {}, acc_5 {}, time {}".
+                          format(epoch_id, step_id,
+                                 np.array(acc_1_v),
+                                 np.array(acc_5_v), test_start_time -
+                                 prev_test_start_time))
+                step_id += 1
+        except fluid.core.EOFException:
+            test_py_reader.reset()
+        print("Epoch {0}, top1 {1}, top5 {2}".format(epoch_id, top1.avg,
+                                                     top5.avg))
+
+    train_fetch_list = [loss_train]
+    epoch_start_time = time.time()
+    for epoch_id in range(args.epochs):
+        model.drop_path_prob = args.drop_path_prob * epoch_id / args.epochs
+        train_py_reader.start()
+        epoch_end_time = time.time()
+        if epoch_id > 0:
+            print("Epoch {}, total time {}".format(epoch_id - 1, epoch_end_time
+                                                   - epoch_start_time))
+        epoch_start_time = epoch_end_time
+        epoch_end_time
+        start_time = time.time()
+        step_id = 0
+        try:
+            while True:
+                prev_start_time = start_time
+                start_time = time.time()
+                loss_v, = train_exe.run(
+                    fetch_list=[v.name for v in train_fetch_list])
+                print("Epoch {}, Step {}, loss {}, time {}".format(epoch_id, step_id, \
+                        np.array(loss_v).mean(), start_time-prev_start_time))
+                step_id += 1
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+        except fluid.core.EOFException:
+            train_py_reader.reset()
+        if epoch_id % 50 == 0 or epoch_id == args.epochs - 1:
+            save_model(str(epoch_id), train_prog)
+        test(epoch_id)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

LRC/utils.py

+# Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# Based on:
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+# DARTS
+# Copyright (c) 2018, Hanxiao Liu.
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0;
+# --------------------------------------------------------
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import math
+import numpy as np
+
+
+def mixup_data(x, y, batch_size, alpha=1.0):
+    '''Compute the mixup data. Return mixed inputs, pairs of targets, and lambda'''
+    if alpha > 0.:
+        lam = np.random.beta(alpha, alpha)
+    else:
+        lam = 1.
+    index = np.random.permutation(batch_size)
+
+    mixed_x = lam * x + (1 - lam) * x[index, :]
+    y_a, y_b = y, y[index]
+    return mixed_x.astype('float32'), y_a.astype('int64'),\
+           y_b.astype('int64'), np.array(lam, dtype='float32')
+
+
+class AvgrageMeter(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.avg = 0
+        self.sum = 0
+        self.cnt = 0
+
+    def update(self, val, n=1):
+        self.sum += val * n
+        self.cnt += n
+        self.avg = self.sum / self.cnt