Better error message for calling columns_hash

When a record does not have a table name, as in the case for a record
with `self.abstract_class = true` and no `self.table_name` set the error
message raises a cryptic:
"ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: Could not find table ''" this patch now
raises a new `TableNotSpecified Error`

Fixes: #36274
Co-Authored-By: NEugene Kenny <elkenny@gmail.com>

activerecord/CHANGELOG.md

+*   Loading the schema for a model that has no `table_name` raises a `TableNotSpecified` error.
+
+    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Eugene Kenny*
+
 *   PostgreSQL: Fix GROUP BY with ORDER BY virtual count attribute.
 
     Fixes #36022.

activerecord/lib/active_record/errors.rb

@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
   class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
   end
 
+  # Raised when a model makes a query but it has not specified an associated table.
+  class TableNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
   # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in
   # +config/database.yml+ or programmatically.
   class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError

activerecord/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb

@@ -482,6 +482,9 @@ def load_schema
         end
 
         def load_schema!
+          unless table_name
+            raise ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified, "#{self} has no table configured. Set one with #{self}.table_name="
+          end
           @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name).except(*ignored_columns)
           @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
             define_attribute(

activerecord/test/cases/base_test.rb

@@ -1415,6 +1415,14 @@ def test_default_values_are_deeply_dupped
     assert_not_includes SymbolIgnoredDeveloper.columns_hash.keys, "first_name"
   end
 
+  test ".columns_hash raises an error if the record has an empty table name" do
+    expected_message = "FirstAbstractClass has no table configured. Set one with FirstAbstractClass.table_name="
+    exception = assert_raises(ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified) do
+      FirstAbstractClass.columns_hash
+    end
+    assert_equal expected_message, exception.message
+  end
+
   test "ignored columns have no attribute methods" do
     assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name
     assert_not_respond_to Developer.new, :first_name=