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          <blockquote>
<center><font color="#1BC3FB" size="4">Python3 基础学习笔记第七章 —— 【函数】</font></center>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>
<hr>
<h1 id="7-1-定义函数"><a href="#7-1-定义函数" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.1 定义函数 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.1 定义函数 </font></h1><p> 一个简单的函数，命名为 example()，其中，关键字<font color="#FF0000"> def </font>来告诉Python我们要定义一个函数，这就是<font color="#FF0000">函数定义</font></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">example</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"Hello world!"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">example()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello world!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-1-1-向函数传递信息"><a href="#7-1-1-向函数传递信息" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.1.1 向函数传递信息 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.1.1 向函数传递信息 </font></h1><p> 在函数定义 def example() 的括号中添加 username，可以让函数接受我们给 username 指定的任何值，在调用函数时给 username 指定一个值，调用 example() 时，可将一个名字传递给它：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">example</span><span class="params">(username)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"Hello , "</span> + username + <span class="string">'!'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">example(<span class="string">'TRHX'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello , TRHX!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-1-2-实参和形参"><a href="#7-1-2-实参和形参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.1.2 实参和形参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.1.2 实参和形参 </font></h1><p> 在 7.1.1 的例子中，函数 example() 的定义中，变量 username 是一个<font color="#FF0000">形参</font>——函数完成其工作所需的一项信息，在代码 example(‘TRHX’) 中，值’TRHX’是一个<font color="#FF0000">实参</font>，<font color="#FF0000">实参</font>是调用函数时传递给函数的信息，调用函数时，将要让函数使用的信息放在括号内。在 example(‘TRHX’) 中，将<font color="#FF0000">实参</font> ‘TRHX’ 传递给了函数 example，这个值被储存在<font color="#FF0000">形参</font> username 中</p>
<h1 id="7-2-传递实参"><a href="#7-2-传递实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.2 传递实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.2 传递实参 </font></h1><p>  鉴于函数定义中可能包含多个形参，因此函数调用中也可能包含多个实参。向函数传递实参的方式很多，可使用<font color="#FF0000">位置实参</font>，这要求实参的顺序与形参的顺序相同；也可以使用<font color="#FF0000">关键字实参</font>，其中每个实参都由变量和值组成；还可以使用<font color="#FF0000">列表和字典</font></p>
<h1 id="7-2-1-位置实参"><a href="#7-2-1-位置实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.2.1 位置实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.2.1 位置实参 </font></h1><p>  调用函数时，Python必须将函数调用中的每个实参都关联到函数定义中的一个形参。为此，最简单的方法是基于实参的顺序，这种关联方式被称为位置实参</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">describe_pet</span><span class="params">(animal_type , pet_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"I have a "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"My "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"'s name is "</span> + pet_name.title() + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(<span class="string">'hamster'</span> , <span class="string">'harry'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">I have a hamster.</span><br><span class="line">My hamste<span class="string">r's name is Harry.</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>调用函数多次：我们可以根据需要调用函数任意次，要再描述一个宠物，只需要再次调用 </p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">describe_pet() 即可</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">describe_pet</span><span class="params">(animal_type , pet_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"I have a "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"My "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"'s name is "</span> + pet_name.title() + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(<span class="string">'hamster'</span> , <span class="string">'harry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(<span class="string">'dog'</span> , <span class="string">'willi'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">I have a hamster.</span><br><span class="line">Myhamste<span class="string">r's name is Harry.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">I have a dog.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">My dog'</span>s name <span class="keyword">is</span> Willi.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-2-2-关键字实参"><a href="#7-2-2-关键字实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.2.2 关键字实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.2.2 关键字实参 </font></h1><p>关键字实参是传递给函数的<font color="#FF0000">名称-值对</font>。直接在实参中将名称和值关联起来，不用考虑函数调用中的实参顺序</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">describe_pet</span><span class="params">(animal_type , pet_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"I have a "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"My "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"'s name is "</span> + pet_name.title() + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(animal_type = <span class="string">'hamster'</span> , pet_name = <span class="string">'harry'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(pet_name = <span class="string">'willi'</span> , animal_type = <span class="string">'dog'</span> )</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">I have a hamster.</span><br><span class="line">Myhamste<span class="string">r's name is Harry.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">I have a dog.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">My dog'</span>s name <span class="keyword">is</span> Willi.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-2-3-默认值"><a href="#7-2-3-默认值" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.2.3 默认值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.2.3 默认值 </font></h1><p>编写函数时，可给每个形参指定默认值，在调用函数中给形参提供了实参时，Python将使用指定的实参值，否则将使用形参的默认值</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">describe_pet</span><span class="params">(pet_name , animal_type = <span class="string">'dog'</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"I have a "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"My "</span> + animal_type + <span class="string">"'s name is "</span> + pet_name.title() + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br><span class="line">describe_pet(pet_name = <span class="string">'willi'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">I have a dog.</span><br><span class="line">My dog<span class="string">'s name is Willi.</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在这个函数定义中，修改了形参的排列顺序，由于给 animal_type 指定了默认值，无需通过实参来指定动物类型，因此在函数调用中只包含一个实参——宠物的名字，然而Python依然将这个实参视为位置实参，因此如果函数调用中只包含宠物的名字，这个实参将关联到函数定义中的第一个形参，这就是需要将 pet_name 放在形参列表开头的原因所在</p>
<font color="#FF0000">注意：使用默认值时，在形参列表中必须先列出没有默认值的形参，再列出有默认值的形参，这让Python依然能够准确地解读位置实参</font>

<h1 id="7-3-返回值"><a href="#7-3-返回值" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.3 返回值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.3 返回值 </font></h1><p>函数并非总是直接显示输出，相反，它可以处理一些数据，并返回一个或一组值，函数返回的值被称为<font color="#FF0000">返回值</font>，在函数中，<font color="#FF0000">可使用 return 语句将值返回到函数调用的代码行</font></p>
<h1 id="7-3-1-返回简单值"><a href="#7-3-1-返回简单值" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.3.1 返回简单值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.3.1 返回简单值 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(first_name , last_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    full_name = first_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + last_name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> full_name.title()</span><br><span class="line">student = name(<span class="string">'jimi'</span> , <span class="string">'hendrix'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(student)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jimi Hendrix</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-3-2-让实参变成可选的"><a href="#7-3-2-让实参变成可选的" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.3.2 让实参变成可选的 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.3.2 让实参变成可选的 </font></h1><p>对 7.3.1 的例子进行改进，扩展函数 name，使其还能够处理中间名：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(first_name , middle_name , last_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    full_name = first_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + middle_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + last_name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> full_name.title()</span><br><span class="line">student = name(<span class="string">'jimi'</span> , <span class="string">'lee'</span> , <span class="string">'hendrix'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(student)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jimi Lee Hendrix</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然而，如果一个人没有中间名，那么在调用这个函数时就会出错，为了让中间名变成可选的，可以给实参 middle_name 指定一个默认值——空字符串，并在用户没有提供中间名时不使用这个实参，注意需要将 middle_name 移到形参列表的末尾：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(first_name , last_name , middle_name = <span class="string">' '</span>)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> middle_name:</span><br><span class="line">        full_name = first_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + middle_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + last_name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        full_name = first_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + last_name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> full_name.title()</span><br><span class="line">student = name(<span class="string">'jimi'</span> , <span class="string">'hendrix'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(student)</span><br><span class="line">student = name(<span class="string">'jimi'</span> , <span class="string">'hendrix'</span> , <span class="string">'lee'</span> )</span><br><span class="line">print(student)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jimi   Hendrix</span><br><span class="line">Jimi Lee Hendrix</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-3-3-返回字典"><a href="#7-3-3-返回字典" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.3.3 返回字典 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.3.3 返回字典 </font></h1><p>函数可返回任何类型的值，包括列表和字典等较复杂的数据结构：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(first_name , last_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    full_name = &#123;<span class="string">'first'</span> : first_name , <span class="string">'last'</span> : last_name&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> full_name</span><br><span class="line">student = name(<span class="string">'jimi'</span> , <span class="string">'hendrix'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(student)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'first'</span>: <span class="string">'jimi'</span>, <span class="string">'last'</span>: <span class="string">'hendrix'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-3-4-结合使用函数和-while-循环"><a href="#7-3-4-结合使用函数和-while-循环" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.3.4 结合使用函数和 while 循环 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.3.4 结合使用函数和 while 循环 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">name</span><span class="params">(first_name , last_name)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    full_name = first_name + <span class="string">' '</span> + last_name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> full_name</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">True</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nPlease input your name:"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"(Enter 'exit' to quit)"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    f_name = input(<span class="string">"First_name:"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> f_name == <span class="string">'exit'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span></span><br><span class="line">    l_name = input(<span class="string">"Last_name:"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> l_name == <span class="string">'exit'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">break</span></span><br><span class="line">    student = name(f_name , l_name)</span><br><span class="line">    print(student)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"Hello, "</span> + student.title() + <span class="string">"!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>运行程序：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Please input your name:</span><br><span class="line">(Enter <span class="string">'exit'</span> to quit)</span><br><span class="line">First_name:jimi</span><br><span class="line">Last_name:hendrix</span><br><span class="line">jimi hendrix</span><br><span class="line">Hello, Jimi Hendrix!</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Please input your name:</span><br><span class="line">(Enter <span class="string">'exit'</span> to quit)</span><br><span class="line">First_name:exit</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-4-传递列表"><a href="#7-4-传递列表" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.4 传递列表 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.4 传递列表 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">users</span><span class="params">(names)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> names:</span><br><span class="line">        message = <span class="string">"Hello, "</span> + name.title() + <span class="string">"!"</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(message)</span><br><span class="line">usernames = [<span class="string">'hannah'</span> , <span class="string">'tony'</span> , <span class="string">'margot'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">users(usernames)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Hello, Hannah!</span><br><span class="line">Hello, Tony!</span><br><span class="line">Hello, Margot!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-4-1-在函数中修改列表"><a href="#7-4-1-在函数中修改列表" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.4.1 在函数中修改列表 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.4.1 在函数中修改列表 </font></h1><p>将列表传递给函数后，函数就可以对其进行修改，在函数中对这个列表所做的任何修改都是永久性的</p>
<p>#首先创造一个列表，其中包含一些要打印的设计</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">unprinted_designs = [<span class="string">'iphone case'</span> , <span class="string">'robot pendannt'</span> , <span class="string">'dodecahedron'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">completed_models = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">while</span> unprinted_designs:</span><br><span class="line">    current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"Printing model: "</span> + current_design)</span><br><span class="line">    completed_models.append(current_design)</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#显示打印好的所有模型</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"\nThe following models have been printed: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> completed_model <span class="keyword">in</span> completed_models:</span><br><span class="line">    print(completed_model)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Printing model: dodecahedron</span><br><span class="line">Printing model: robot pendannt</span><br><span class="line">Printing model: iphone case</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">The following models have been printed: </span><br><span class="line">dodecahedron</span><br><span class="line">robot pendannt</span><br><span class="line">iphone case</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>编写两个函数重新组织这些代码，每一个函数都做一件具体的工作，输出结果与原程序相同：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">print_models</span><span class="params">(unprinted_designs , completed_models)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#打印每个设计后，都将其移到列表completed_models中</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> unprinted_designs:</span><br><span class="line">        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()</span><br><span class="line">    </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">#模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"Printing model: "</span> + current_design)</span><br><span class="line">        completed_models.append(current_design)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">show_completed_models</span><span class="params">(completed_models)</span>:</span>    </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#显示打印好的所有模型</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nThe following models have been printed: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> completed_model <span class="keyword">in</span> completed_models:</span><br><span class="line">        print(completed_model)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">unprinted_designs = [<span class="string">'iphone case'</span> , <span class="string">'robot pendannt'</span> , <span class="string">'dodecahedron'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">completed_models = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">print_models(unprinted_designs , completed_models)</span><br><span class="line">show_completed_models(completed_models)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-4-2-禁止函数修改列表"><a href="#7-4-2-禁止函数修改列表" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.4.2 禁止函数修改列表 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.4.2 禁止函数修改列表 </font></h1><p>有时候需要禁止函数修改列表，拿 7.4.1 的例子来说，我们打印了所有设计后，也要保留原来的未打印的设计列表，以供备案，但由于我们将所有的设计都移出了 unprinted_designs，这个列表变成了空的，原来的列表没有了，为了解决这个问题，可向函数传递列表的副本而不是原件；这样函数所做的任何修改都只影响副本，而丝毫不影响原件，要将列表的副本传递给函数，可以像下面这样做：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function_name(list_name[:])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>切片表示法 [:] 创建列表的副本，在 7.4.1 的例子中如果不想清空未打印的设计列表，可像下面这样调用 print_models()：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">print_models(unprinted_designs[:] , completed_models)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-5-传递任意数量的实参"><a href="#7-5-传递任意数量的实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.5 传递任意数量的实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.5 传递任意数量的实参 </font></h1><p>Python允许函数从调用语句中收集任意数量的实参</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make_pizza</span><span class="params">(*toppings)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(toppings)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>形参名 <code>*toppings</code> 中的星号让Python创建一个名为 toppings 的空元组，并将收到的所有值都封装到这个元组中，函数体内的print语句通过生成输出来证明Python能够处理使用一个值调用函数的情形，也能处理使用三个值来调用函数的情形，输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>,)</span><br><span class="line">(<span class="string">'mushrooms'</span>, <span class="string">'green peppers'</span>, <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用循环语句：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make_pizza</span><span class="params">(*toppings)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nMaking a pizza with the followiing toppings: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> topping <span class="keyword">in</span> toppings:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"- "</span> + topping)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- pepperoni</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- mushrooms</span><br><span class="line">- green peppers</span><br><span class="line">- extra cheese</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-5-1-结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参"><a href="#7-5-1-结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.5.1 结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.5.1 结合使用位置实参和任意数量实参 </font></h1><p>如果要让函数接受不同类型的实参，必须在函数定义中将接纳任意数量实参的形参放在最后。Python先匹配位置实参和关键字实参，再将余下的实参都收集到最后一个形参中：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make_pizza</span><span class="params">(size , *toppings)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nMaking a "</span> + str(size) + <span class="string">"-inch pizza with the followiing toppings: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> topping <span class="keyword">in</span> toppings:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"- "</span> + topping)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a <span class="number">16</span>-inch pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- pepperoni</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a <span class="number">18</span>-inch pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- mushrooms</span><br><span class="line">- green peppers</span><br><span class="line">- extra cheese</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-5-2-使用任意数量的关键字实参"><a href="#7-5-2-使用任意数量的关键字实参" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.5.2 使用任意数量的关键字实参 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.5.2 使用任意数量的关键字实参 </font></h1><p>有时候，需要接受任何数量的实参，但预先我们不知道传递给函数的会是什么样的信息，在这种情况下，可以将函数编写成能够接受任意数量的键-值对——调用语句提供了多少就接受多少：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">build_profile</span><span class="params">(first , last , **user_info)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#创建一个字典，其中包括我们知道的有关用户的一切</span></span><br><span class="line">    profile = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    profile[<span class="string">'first_name'</span>] = first</span><br><span class="line">    profile[<span class="string">'last_name'</span>] = last</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> key , value <span class="keyword">in</span> user_info.items():</span><br><span class="line">        profile[key] = value</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> profile</span><br><span class="line">user_profile = build_profile(<span class="string">'albert'</span> , <span class="string">'einstein'</span> , location = <span class="string">'princeton'</span> , field = <span class="string">'physics'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(user_profile)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>形参 <code>**user_info</code> 中的两个星号让Python创建一个名为 user_info 的空字典，并将收到的所有名称-值对都封装到这个字典中，在这个函数中，可以像访问其他字典那样访问 user_info 中的名字-值对，程序运行结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'first_name'</span>: <span class="string">'albert'</span>, <span class="string">'last_name'</span>: <span class="string">'einstein'</span>, <span class="string">'location'</span>: <span class="string">'princeton'</span>, <span class="string">'field'</span>: <span class="string">'physics'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-6-将函数储存在模块中"><a href="#7-6-将函数储存在模块中" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6 将函数储存在模块中 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6 将函数储存在模块中 </font></h1><p>更进一步，我们可以把函数储存在被称为<font color="#FF0000">模块</font>的独立文件中，再将模块导入到主程序中，import 语句运行在当前运行的程序文件中使用模块中的代码</p>
<h1 id="7-6-1-导入整个模块"><a href="#7-6-1-导入整个模块" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6.1 导入整个模块 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6.1 导入整个模块 </font></h1><p>要让函数是可导入的，得先创建模块，<font color="#FF0000">模块是扩展名为.py的文件</font>，包含要导入到程序中的代码，下面将创建一个包含函数 make_pizza() 的模块</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#pizza.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make_pizza</span><span class="params">(size , *toppings)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">#概述要制作的比萨</span></span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nMaking a "</span> + str(size) + <span class="string">"-inch pizza with the followiing toppings: "</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> topping <span class="keyword">in</span> toppings:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"- "</span> + topping)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>接下来，我们在 pizza.py 所在的目录中创建另一个名为 making_pizzas.py 的文件，在这个文件中导入刚刚创建的模块，在调用 make_pizza() 两次：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#making_pizzas.py</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pizza</span><br><span class="line">pizza.make_pizza(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">pizza.make_pizza(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Python在读取这个文件时，代码行 import pizza 让Python打开文件 pizza.py，并在幕后将其中所有函数都复制到这个程序中，在 making_pizzas.py 中，可以使用 pizza.py 中定义的所有函数，要调用被导入的模块中的函数，可指定导入的模块的名称 pizza 和函数名 make_pizza()，并使用句点分隔它们，最终运行结果与原程序相同：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a <span class="number">16</span>-inch pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- pepperoni</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Making a <span class="number">18</span>-inch pizza <span class="keyword">with</span> the followiing toppings: </span><br><span class="line">- mushrooms</span><br><span class="line">- green peppers</span><br><span class="line">- extra cheese</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="7-6-2-导入特定的函数"><a href="#7-6-2-导入特定的函数" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6.2 导入特定的函数 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6.2 导入特定的函数 </font></h1><p>导入模块中特定的函数，可以使用以下语法：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="keyword">import</span> function_name</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通过用逗号分隔函数名，可根据需要从模块中导入任意数量的函数：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="keyword">import</span> function_0 , function_1 , function_2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>以前面的 making_pizzas.py 为例，如果只想导入要使用的函数，代码类似于下面这样：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pizza <span class="keyword">import</span> make_pizza</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="7-6-3-使用-as-给函数指定别名"><a href="#7-6-3-使用-as-给函数指定别名" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6.3 使用 as 给函数指定别名 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6.3 使用 as 给函数指定别名 </font></h1><p>如果要导入的函数名称可能与程序中现有的名称冲突，或者函数的名称太长，可指定简短而独一无二的别名，要给函数指定别名，需要在导入它的时候这样做，通用语法为：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="keyword">import</span> function_name <span class="keyword">as</span> fn</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同样以前面的 making_pizzas.py 为例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pizza <span class="keyword">import</span> make_pizza <span class="keyword">as</span> mp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">mp(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">mp(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="7-6-4-使用-as-给模块指定别名"><a href="#7-6-4-使用-as-给模块指定别名" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6.4 使用 as 给模块指定别名 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6.4 使用 as 给模块指定别名 </font></h1><p>我们还可以给模块指定别名，通用语法为：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> module_name <span class="keyword">as</span> mn</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同样以前面的 making_pizzas.py 为例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pizza <span class="keyword">as</span> p</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p.make_pizza(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">p.make_pizza(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="7-6-5-导入模块中的所有函数"><a href="#7-6-5-导入模块中的所有函数" class="headerlink" title=" - 7.6.5 导入模块中的所有函数 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 7.6.5 导入模块中的所有函数 </font></h1><p>导入模块中所有函数的通用语法为：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> module_name <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同样以前面的 making_pizzas.py 为例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pizza <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">16</span> , <span class="string">'pepperoni'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">make_pizza(<span class="number">18</span> , <span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'green peppers'</span> , <span class="string">'extra cheese'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>import 语句中的星号让Python将模块 pizza 中的每个函数都复制到这个程序中，由于导入了每个函数，可通过名称来调用每个函数，而不需要用句点表示法，然而，如果模块中有函数的名称与项目中的名称相同，就有可能导致意想不到的结果，<font color="#FF0000">最佳的做法是，要么只导入我们需要使用的函数，要么导入整个模块并使用句点表示法</font></p>

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