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        Python3 爬虫学习笔记 C02
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          <blockquote>
<center><font color="#1BC3FB" size="4">Python3 爬虫学习笔记第二章 ——【基本库 requests 的使用】</font></center>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>
<h1 id="【2-1】-requests-简介"><a href="#【2-1】-requests-简介" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.1】 requests 简介"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.1】 requests 简介</font></h1><p>在 Python 中有两种方式可以发送 HTTP 请求，分别是自带的 urllib 库和第三方的 requests 库</p>
<blockquote>
<p>requests 模块需要使用 pip install 命令安装安装，相比 urllib，它的 API 更加人性化，使用 requests 可以让 Cookies、登录验证、代理设置等操作更加简便，官网介绍：<a href="http://cn.python-requests.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://cn.python-requests.org</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="【2-2】-requests-基本用法"><a href="#【2-2】-requests-基本用法" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.2】 requests 基本用法"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.2】 requests 基本用法</font></h1><p>示例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com/'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(type(r))</span><br><span class="line">print(r.encoding)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.status_code)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.cookies)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.json)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.content)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">requests</span>.<span class="title">models</span>.<span class="title">Response</span>'&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="title">utf</span>-8</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">200</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">RequestsCookieJar</span>[]&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">bound</span> <span class="title">method</span> <span class="title">Response</span>.<span class="title">json</span> <span class="title">of</span> &lt;<span class="title">Response</span> [200]&gt;&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;!<span class="title">DOCTYPE</span> <span class="title">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">&lt;<span class="title">head</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  &lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;</span><br><span class="line">  ......</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ul>
<li>r.encoding：服务器内容使用的文本编码；</li>
<li>r.status_code：响应状态码，200 代表成功，4xx 代表客户端错误，5xx 服务器响应错误；</li>
<li>r.cookies：返回 Cookies；</li>
<li>r.json：Requests 内置 JSON 解码器；</li>
<li>r.text：服务器响应内容，根据响应头部的字符编码自动解码；</li>
<li>r.content：字节方式的响应体，自动解码 gzip 和 deflate 编码的响应。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="【2-3】-requests-构建-GET-请求"><a href="#【2-3】-requests-构建-GET-请求" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.3】 requests 构建 GET 请求"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.3】 requests 构建 GET 请求</font></h1><h2 id="【2-3-1】-基本用法"><a href="#【2-3-1】-基本用法" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.3.1】 基本用法"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.3.1】 基本用法</font></h2><p>示例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="string">'20'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/get"</span>, params=data)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'编码后的URL：'</span>, r.url)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'字符串方式的响应体：'</span>, r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">编码后的URL： http://httpbin.org/get?name=TRHX&amp;age=20</span><br><span class="line">字符串方式的响应体： &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"args"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"age"</span>: <span class="string">"20"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"TRHX"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.22.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"171.115.102.230, 171.115.102.230"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://httpbin.org/get?name=TRHX&amp;age=20"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="【2-3-2】-二进制数据抓取"><a href="#【2-3-2】-二进制数据抓取" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.3.2】 二进制数据抓取"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.3.2】 二进制数据抓取</font></h2><p>以抓取 GitHub 站点图标为例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">"https://github.com/favicon.ico"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">with</span> open(<span class="string">'favicon.ico'</span>, <span class="string">'wb'</span>) <span class="keyword">as</span> f:</span><br><span class="line">    f.write(r.content)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>该代码将会保存站点图标到本地，其他的，比如音频，视频文件都是由二进制码组成的，皆可使用该方法</p>
<h2 id="【2-3-3】-添加-headers"><a href="#【2-3-3】-添加-headers" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.3.3】 添加 headers"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.3.3】 添加 headers</font></h2><p>headers 的作用：部分页面禁止 Python 爬虫对其进行爬取，而添加 headers 就可以模拟成浏览器取访问网站，实现数据的爬取，headers 可以在任意网页 F12 检查控制台里面找到，headers 最重要的是 “User-Agent” 字段</p>
<fancybox><br><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/TRHX/ImageHosting/ITRHX-PIC/A30/1.png" alt="01"><br></fancybox>

<p>以为例知乎，只有加了 headers 才能正常爬取，否则会返回 400 Bad Request 没有任何数据</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;<span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">"https://www.zhihu.com/explore"</span>, headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【2-4】-requests-构建-POST-请求"><a href="#【2-4】-requests-构建-POST-请求" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.4】 requests 构建 POST 请求"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.4】 requests 构建 POST 请求</font></h1><p>示例：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="string">'20'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.post(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, data=data)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"data"</span>: <span class="string">""</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"files"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"form"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"age"</span>: <span class="string">"22"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"germey"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Content-Length"</span>: <span class="string">"18"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Content-Type"</span>: <span class="string">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.22.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"json"</span>: null, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"171.115.102.230, 171.115.102.230"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://httpbin.org/post"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>有关 POST 和 GET 两种请求的一些区别：</p>
<ul>
<li>POST 更加安全，不会作为 URL 的一部分，不会被缓存，保存在服务器日志、以及浏览器浏览记录中；</li>
<li>POST 发送的数据更大，GET 有 URL 长度限制；</li>
<li>POST 可以发送更多的数据类型，GET 只能发送 ASCII 字符；</li>
<li>POST 比 GET 慢；</li>
<li>POST 查询参数在 WebForms 保存，GET 查询参数在 QueryString 保存；</li>
<li>POST 用数据的修改和写入，GET 一般用于搜索排序和筛选之类的操作。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="【2-5】-requests-高级用法"><a href="#【2-5】-requests-高级用法" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5】 requests 高级用法"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5】 requests 高级用法</font></h1><h2 id="【2-5-1】-上传文件"><a href="#【2-5-1】-上传文件" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.1】 上传文件"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.1】 上传文件</font></h2><p>示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">files = &#123;<span class="string">'file'</span>: open(<span class="string">'test.png'</span>, <span class="string">'rb'</span>)&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.post(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/post'</span>, files=files)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"data"</span>: <span class="string">""</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"files"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"file"</span>: <span class="string">"data:application/octet-stream;base64,iVBOR......"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"form"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Content-Length"</span>: <span class="string">"81383"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Content-Type"</span>: <span class="string">"multipart/form-data; boundary=e36a8686cd77c79dc02bfe9d1b010f08"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.22.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"json"</span>: null, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"171.115.102.230, 171.115.102.230"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"https://httpbin.org/post"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="【2-5-2】-使用-Cookies"><a href="#【2-5-2】-使用-Cookies" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.2】 使用 Cookies"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.2】 使用 Cookies</font></h2><p>对于需要登录后才能获取数据的网页，可以将账号登录的 Cookies 添加到 headers 来实现网页登录爬取，Cookies 可以抓包获取，代码示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'Cookie'</span>: <span class="string">'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'Host'</span>: <span class="string">'www.zhihu.com'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.zhihu.com'</span>, headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="【2-5-3】-会话维持"><a href="#【2-5-3】-会话维持" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.3】 会话维持"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.3】 会话维持</font></h2><ul>
<li><p>背景介绍：利用 get() 或者 post() 方法来模拟网页请求，相当于是不同的会话，可以理解为用两个浏览器打开了不同的网页；</p>
</li>
<li><p>运用场景：首先使用 post() 方法登录网页，然后再使用 get() 方法请求某个页面信息，如果不利用会话维持，将无法获取页面数据</p>
</li>
<li><p>维持方法：①两次请求设置一样的 cookies，缺点：繁琐；②使用 Session 对象。</p>
<p>Session 对象使用示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = requests.Session()</span><br><span class="line">s.get(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r = s.get(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>输出结果成功获取到设置的 cookies：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"cookies"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"number"</span>: <span class="string">"123456789"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="【2-5-4】-SSL-证书验证"><a href="#【2-5-4】-SSL-证书验证" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.4】 SSL 证书验证"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.4】 SSL 证书验证</font></h2><blockquote>
<p>SSL 证书是数字证书的一种，由受信任的数字证书颁发机构 CA 在验证服务器身份后颁发，具有服务器身份验证和数据传输加密功能，网站带有 HTTPS 就表明有 SSL 证书</p>
</blockquote>
<p>requests 提供了证书验证的功能。当发送 HTTP 请求的时候，它会检查 SSL 证书，verify 参数可以控制是否检查此证书。如果不加 verify 参数，默认为 True，会自动验证。当一个页面的 SSL 证书没有被官方机构认证时，打开页面就会提示“您的连接不是私密连接”，如果没有设置 verify 参数，将会报以下错误：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">requests.exceptions.SSLError: (<span class="string">"bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')],)"</span>,)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>设置 verify 参数代码示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com'</span>, verify=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(response.text)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="【2-5-5】-设置代理"><a href="#【2-5-5】-设置代理" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.5】 设置代理"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.5】 设置代理</font></h2><p>为什么要设置代理：某些网页有反爬虫机制，频繁请求网页就会出现验证码等，还有可能直接封掉 IP，导致爬取失败；这种情况下就可以设置 proxies 参数。<br>示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">'http'</span>: <span class="string">'http://10.10.1.10:1010'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">'https'</span>: <span class="string">'http://10.10.1.10:1020'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com'</span>, proxies=proxies)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>免费代理可在<a href="https://www.xicidaili.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">西刺代理</a>找到</p>
<h2 id="【2-5-6】-超时设置"><a href="#【2-5-6】-超时设置" class="headerlink" title=" 【2.5.6】 超时设置"></a><font color="#FF0000"> 【2.5.6】 超时设置</font></h2><p>与 urllib.request.urlopen() 类似，requests 也可以设置 timeout 参数，请求分为两个阶段：连接和读取</p>
<p>设置连接和读取时间总和：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com'</span>, timeout=<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.status_code)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>分别设置连接和读取时间：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com'</span>, timeout=(<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">10</span>))</span><br><span class="line">print(r.status_code)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>永久等待：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 两种方法实现</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># r = requests.get('https://www.itrhx.com')</span></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.itrhx.com'</span>, timeout=<span class="keyword">None</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.status_code)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

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