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        Python3 爬虫学习笔记 C07
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          <blockquote>
<center><font color="#1BC3FB" size="4">Python3 爬虫学习笔记第七章 —— 【解析库 lxml】</font></center>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>
<h1 id="【7-1】关于-lxml"><a href="#【7-1】关于-lxml" class="headerlink" title="【7.1】关于 lxml"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.1】关于 lxml</font></h1><p> lxml 是 Python 的一个解析库，支持 HTML 和 XML 的解析，支持 XPath 解析方式，解析效率非常高，使用前需要用命令 <code>pip3 install lxml</code> 安装 lxml 库</p>
<h1 id="【7-2】使用-XPath"><a href="#【7-2】使用-XPath" class="headerlink" title="【7.2】使用  XPath"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.2】使用  XPath</font></h1><p> XPath（XML Path Language）即 XML 路径语言， lxml 解析库使用的正是 XPath 语法，最初是用来搜寻 XML 文档的，是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言，它同样适用于 HTML 文档的搜索</p>
<p>  XPath 常用规则</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">表达式</th>
<th style="text-align:center">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">nodename</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取此节点的所有子节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">/</td>
<td style="text-align:center">从当前节点选取直接子节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">//</td>
<td style="text-align:center">从当前节点选取子孙节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取当前节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">..</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取当前节点的父节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">@</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">*</td>
<td style="text-align:center">通配符，选择所有元素节点与元素名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">@*</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取所有属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[@attrib]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取具有给定属性的所有元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[@attrib=’value’]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取给定属性具有给定值的所有元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[tag]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取所有具有指定元素的直接子节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">[tag=’text’]</td>
<td style="text-align:center">选取所有具有指定元素并且文本内容是text节点</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> 浏览器插件 XPath Helper，在线验证 XPath，谷歌商店下载地址：<a href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/hgimnogjllphhhkhlmebbmlgjoejdpjl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/hgimnogjllphhhkhlmebbmlgjoejdpjl</a></p>
<p> XPath 基本使用方法：首先使用代码 <code>from lxml import etree</code>导入库，然后将 HTML 文档变成一个对象，再调用对象的方法去查找指定的节点，方法有两种：<code>tree = etree.parse()</code> 为本地文件查找，<code>tree = etree.HTML()</code> 为网络文件查找，再使用语句 <code>tree.xpath()</code> 查找指定节点。</p>
<h1 id="【7-3】查找所有节点"><a href="#【7-3】查找所有节点" class="headerlink" title="【7.3】查找所有节点"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.3】查找所有节点</font></h1><p> 新建一个 xpath.html 本地文件，内容如下：<br> <figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="meta">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">html</span> <span class="attr">lang</span>=<span class="string">"en"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">meta</span> <span class="attr">charset</span>=<span class="string">"UTF-8"</span> /&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span>xpath测试<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">title</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">head</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"song"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    火药</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span>指南针<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span>印刷术<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">b</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    造纸术</span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"tang"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"balove"</span>&gt;</span>停车坐爱枫林晚，霜叶红于二月花。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">id</span>=<span class="string">"hua"</span>&gt;</span>商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"love"</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">"yang"</span>&gt;</span>一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">id</span>=<span class="string">"bei"</span>&gt;</span>葡萄美酒夜光杯，欲饮琵琶马上催。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com/"</span>&gt;</span>百度一下<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span> <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ul</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">ol</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"balucy"</span>&gt;</span>寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"lily"</span>&gt;</span>咋暖还寒时候，最难将息。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"lilei"</span>&gt;</span>三杯两盏淡酒。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span>怎敌他晚来风急。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span>雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span>爱情三十六计<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span>什么是爱情<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">ol</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">body</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">html</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>查找所有节点：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//*'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>使用 <code>*</code> 代表匹配所有节点，整个 xpath.html 文件中的所有节点都会被获取到，返回形式是一个列表，每个元素是 Element 类型，其后跟了节点的名称，如 html、body、div、ul、li、a 等，所有节点都包含在列表中，输出结果如下：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element html at <span class="number">0x1a836a34508</span>&gt;, &lt;Element head at <span class="number">0x1a836a344c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element meta at <span class="number">0x1a836a345c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element title at <span class="number">0x1a836a34608</span>&gt;, &lt;Element body at <span class="number">0x1a836a34648</span>&gt;, &lt;Element div at <span class="number">0x1a836a346c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element b at <span class="number">0x1a836a34708</span>&gt;, &lt;Element b at <span class="number">0x1a836a34748</span>&gt;, &lt;Element div at <span class="number">0x1a836a34788</span>&gt;, &lt;Element ul at <span class="number">0x1a836a34688</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a347c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34808</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34848</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34888</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a348c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element a at <span class="number">0x1a836a34908</span>&gt;, &lt;Element ol at <span class="number">0x1a836a34948</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34988</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a349c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34a08</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34a48</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34a88</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34ac8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1a836a34b08</span>&gt;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-4】查找子节点"><a href="#【7-4】查找子节点" class="headerlink" title="【7.4】查找子节点"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.4】查找子节点</font></h1><p> 通过 <font color="#ff0000">/</font> 或 <font color="#ff0000">//</font> 即可查找元素的子节点或子孙节点：<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ul/li'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>选择 ul 节点的所有<font color="#ff0000">直接</font> li 子节点：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x2a094d044c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x2a094d045c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x2a094d04608</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x2a094d04648</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x2a094d04688</span>&gt;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-5】查找父节点"><a href="#【7-5】查找父节点" class="headerlink" title="【7.5】查找父节点"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.5】查找父节点</font></h1><p> 知道了子节点，也可以用 <font color="#ff0000">..</font> 或者 <font color="#ff0000">parent::</font> 查找其父节点<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ol/../@class'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ol/parent::*/@class'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>先查找到 ol 节点，随后获取其父节点以及其 class 属性：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'tang'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-6】属性匹配"><a href="#【7-6】属性匹配" class="headerlink" title="【7.6】属性匹配"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.6】属性匹配</font></h1><p> 有时候 HTML 包含多个相同名的节点，而节点的属性是不一样的，此时可以用 <font color="#ff0000">@</font> 符号进行属性过滤<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="balucy"]'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>xpath.html 文件中，只有一个 class 为 balucy 的节点：<code>&lt;li class=&quot;balucy&quot;&gt;寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。&lt;/li&gt;</code>，运行以上代码将返回一个该元素：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x16e53aa54c8</span>&gt;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-7】文本获取"><a href="#【7-7】文本获取" class="headerlink" title="【7.7】文本获取"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.7】文本获取</font></h1><p> 使用 text() 方法即可提取节点中的文本：<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="balucy"]/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>再次观察 xpath.html 文件中的 <code>&lt;ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;</code>这一部分：<br><figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;ol&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li class="balucy"&gt;寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li class="lily"&gt;咋暖还寒时候，最难将息。&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li class="lilei"&gt;三杯两盏淡酒。&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li&gt;怎敌他晚来风急。&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li&gt;雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li&gt;爱情三十六计&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    &lt;li&gt;什么是爱情&lt;/li&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&lt;/ol&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>如果我们想要提取 <code>&lt;li&gt;</code> 节点里面所有的文本，就可以使用 <code>html.xpath(&#39;//ol/li/text()&#39;)</code> 语句：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ol/li/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。'</span>, <span class="string">'咋暖还寒时候，最难将息。'</span>, <span class="string">'三杯两盏淡酒。'</span>, <span class="string">'怎敌他晚来风急。'</span>, <span class="string">'雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。'</span>, <span class="string">'爱情三十六计'</span>, <span class="string">'什么是爱情'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>同样还有另一种方法，使用 <code>html.xpath(&#39;//ol//text()&#39;)</code> 语句，<code>//</code> 将会选取所有子孙节点的文本，<code>&lt;ol&gt;</code> 和 <code>&lt;li&gt;</code> 节点下的换行符也将被提取出来：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ol//text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'寻寻觅觅冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'咋暖还寒时候，最难将息。'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'三杯两盏淡酒。'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'怎敌他晚来风急。'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'雁过也，正伤心，却是旧时相识。'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'爱情三十六计'</span>, <span class="string">'\n        '</span>, <span class="string">'什么是爱情'</span>, <span class="string">'\n    '</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-8】属性获取"><a href="#【7-8】属性获取" class="headerlink" title="【7.8】属性获取"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.8】属性获取</font></h1><p> 与属性匹配一样，属性获取仍然使用 <font color="#ff0000">@</font>：<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.parse(<span class="string">'./xpath.html'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//ul/li[5]/a/@href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p> 获取 href 属性：<br> <figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'http://www.baidu.com/'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配"><a href="#【7-9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配" class="headerlink" title="【7.9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配</font></h1><p>某个节点的某个属性可能有多个值，例如：<br><figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">li</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"li li-first"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">a</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"link.html"</span>&gt;</span>first item<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">a</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">li</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>li 节点的 class 属性有 li 和 li-first 两个值，如果使用 <code>html.xpath(&#39;//li[@class=&quot;li&quot;]</code> 语句，将无法成功匹配，这时就需要使用<font color="#ff0000"> contains</font> 方法了，第一个参数传入属性名称，第二个参数传入属性值，只要此属性包含所传入的属性值，就可以完成匹配了</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;li class="li li-first"&gt;&lt;a href="link.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[contains(@class, "li")]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'first item'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-10】多个属性匹配一个节点"><a href="#【7-10】多个属性匹配一个节点" class="headerlink" title="【7.10】多个属性匹配一个节点"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.10】多个属性匹配一个节点</font></h1><p>XPath 还可以根据多个属性来确定一个节点，这时就需要同时匹配多个属性。此时可以使用运算符 and 来连接：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''  </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;li class="li" name="item"&gt;&lt;a href="link.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[@class="li" and @name="item"]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'first item'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>示例中运用了运算符 and 来连接，此外常见的运算符如下：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>运算符</th>
<th>描述</th>
<th>实例</th>
<th>返回值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>or</td>
<td>或</td>
<td>age=19 or age=20</td>
<td>如果 age 是 19 或者 20，则返回 true。如果 age 是其他值，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>and</td>
<td>与</td>
<td>age&gt;19 and age&lt;21</td>
<td>如果 age 大于 19 且小于 21，则返回 true。如果 age 是其他值，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mod</td>
<td>计算除法的余数</td>
<td>5 mod 2</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&#124;</td>
<td>计算两个节点集</td>
<td>//book &#124; //cd</td>
<td>返回所有拥有 book 和 cd 元素的节点集</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>加法</td>
<td>10 + 5</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>减法</td>
<td>10 - 5</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>乘法</td>
<td>10 * 5</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>div</td>
<td>除法</td>
<td>10 div 5</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>=</td>
<td>等于</td>
<td>age=19</td>
<td>如果 age 是 19，则返回 true。如果 age 不是 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>!=</td>
<td>不等于</td>
<td>age!=19</td>
<td>如果 age 不是 19，则返回 true。如果 age 是 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;</td>
<td>小于</td>
<td>age&lt;19</td>
<td>如果 age 小于 19，则返回 true。如果 age 不小于 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;=</td>
<td>小于或等于</td>
<td>age&lt;=19</td>
<td>如果 age 小于等于 19，则返回 true。如果 age 大于 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&gt;</td>
<td>大于</td>
<td>age&gt;19</td>
<td>如果 age 大于 19，则返回 true。如果 age 不大于 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&gt;=</td>
<td>大于或等于</td>
<td>age&gt;=19</td>
<td>如果 age 大于等于 19，则返回 true。如果 age 小于 19，则返回 false</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1 id="【7-11】按顺序选择节点"><a href="#【7-11】按顺序选择节点" class="headerlink" title="【7.11】按顺序选择节点"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.11】按顺序选择节点</font></h1><p>某些属性可能同时匹配了多个节点，如果要选择其中几个节点，可以利用中括号传入索引的方法获取特定次序的节点<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;div&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    &lt;ul&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-0"&gt;&lt;a href="link1.html"&gt;first item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-1"&gt;&lt;a href="link2.html"&gt;second item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-inactive"&gt;&lt;a href="link3.html"&gt;third item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-1"&gt;&lt;a href="link4.html"&gt;fourth item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-0"&gt;&lt;a href="link5.html"&gt;fifth item&lt;/a&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    &lt;/ul&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> &lt;/div&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[last()]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[position()&lt;3]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[last()-2]/a/text()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<ul>
<li>li[1]：选取第一个 li 节点；</li>
<li>li[last()]：选取最后一个 li 节点；</li>
<li>position()&lt;3：选取位置小于 3 的 li 节点；</li>
<li>li[last()-2]：选取倒数第三个 li 节点</li>
</ul>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[<span class="string">'first item'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'fifth item'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'first item'</span>, <span class="string">'second item'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'third item'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h1 id="【7-12】节点轴选择"><a href="#【7-12】节点轴选择" class="headerlink" title="【7.12】节点轴选择"></a><font color="#ff0000">【7.12】节点轴选择</font></h1><p>节点轴选择：获取子元素、兄弟元素、父元素、祖先元素等<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> lxml <span class="keyword">import</span> etree</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">text = <span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&lt;div&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    &lt;ul&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-0"&gt;&lt;a href="link1.html"&gt;&lt;span&gt;first item&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-1"&gt;&lt;a href="link2.html"&gt;second item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-inactive"&gt;&lt;a href="link3.html"&gt;third item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-1"&gt;&lt;a href="link4.html"&gt;fourth item&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">         &lt;li class="item-0"&gt;&lt;a href="link5.html"&gt;fifth item&lt;/a&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">     &lt;/ul&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> &lt;/div&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">'''</span></span><br><span class="line">html = etree.HTML(text)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/ancestor::*'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/ancestor::div'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/attribute::*'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/child::a[@href="link1.html"]'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/descendant::span'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/following::*[2]'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">result = html.xpath(<span class="string">'//li[1]/following-sibling::*'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[&lt;Element html at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9548</span>&gt;, &lt;Element body at <span class="number">0x1d3749e94c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element div at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9488</span>&gt;, &lt;Element ul at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9588</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">[&lt;Element div at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9488</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="string">'item-0'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">[&lt;Element a at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9588</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">[&lt;Element span at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9488</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">[&lt;Element a at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9588</span>&gt;]</span><br><span class="line">[&lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1d3749e94c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1d3749e95c8</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9608</span>&gt;, &lt;Element li at <span class="number">0x1d3749e9648</span>&gt;]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>基本语法：轴名称::节点测试[谓语]</p>
<p>轴名称对应的结果：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>轴名称</th>
<th>结果</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ancestor</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有先辈（父、祖父等）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ancestor-or-self</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有先辈（父、祖父等）以及当前节点本身</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>attribute</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>child</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有子元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>descendant</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有后代元素（子、孙等）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>descendant-or-self</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有后代元素（子、孙等）以及当前节点本身</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>following</td>
<td>选取文档中当前节点的结束标签之后的所有节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>namespace</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有命名空间节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>parent</td>
<td>选取当前节点的父节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preceding</td>
<td>选取文档中当前节点的开始标签之前的所有节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>preceding-sibling</td>
<td>选取当前节点之前的所有同级节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>self</td>
<td>选取当前节点</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>实例：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>例子</th>
<th>结果</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>child::book</td>
<td>选取所有属于当前节点的子元素的 book 节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>attribute::lang</td>
<td>选取当前节点的 lang 属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>child::*</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有子元素</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>attribute::*</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有属性</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>child::text()</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有文本子节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>child::node()</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有子节点</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>descendant::book</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有 book 后代</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ancestor::book</td>
<td>选择当前节点的所有 book 先辈</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ancestor-or-self::book</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有 book 先辈以及当前节点（如果此节点是 book 节点）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>child::*/child::price</td>
<td>选取当前节点的所有 price 孙节点</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

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      <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-1】关于-lxml"><span class="toc-text">【7.1】关于 lxml</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-2】使用-XPath"><span class="toc-text">【7.2】使用  XPath</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-3】查找所有节点"><span class="toc-text">【7.3】查找所有节点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-4】查找子节点"><span class="toc-text">【7.4】查找子节点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-5】查找父节点"><span class="toc-text">【7.5】查找父节点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-6】属性匹配"><span class="toc-text">【7.6】属性匹配</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-7】文本获取"><span class="toc-text">【7.7】文本获取</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-8】属性获取"><span class="toc-text">【7.8】属性获取</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配"><span class="toc-text">【7.9】一个属性包含多个值的匹配</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-10】多个属性匹配一个节点"><span class="toc-text">【7.10】多个属性匹配一个节点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-11】按顺序选择节点"><span class="toc-text">【7.11】按顺序选择节点</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#【7-12】节点轴选择"><span class="toc-text">【7.12】节点轴选择</span></a></li></ol>
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