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<center><font color="#1BC3FB" size="4">Python3 基础学习笔记第五章 —— 【字典】</font></center>
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<h1 id="5-1-一个简单的字典"><a href="#5-1-一个简单的字典" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1 一个简单的字典 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1 一个简单的字典 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span> : <span class="string">'red'</span> , <span class="string">'number'</span> : <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(fruits[<span class="string">'apple'</span>])</span><br><span class="line">print(fruits[<span class="string">'number'</span>])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">red</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在Python中，字典是一系列<font color="#FF000">键-值对</font>。每个键都与一个值相关联，你可以使用键来访问与之相关联的值。与键相关联的值可以是数字、字符串、列表乃至字典。事实上，可以将任何Python对象用作字典中的值。<font color="#FF0000">键-值对</font>是两个相关联的值。在指定键时，Python将返回与之相关联的值。键和值之间用冒号分隔，而<font color="#FF000">键-值对</font>之间用逗号分隔。在字典中，想储存多少个<font color="#FF000">键-值对</font>都可以</p>
<h1 id="5-1-1-访问字典中的值"><a href="#5-1-1-访问字典中的值" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1.1 访问字典中的值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1.1 访问字典中的值 </font></h1><p> 要获取与键相关联的值，可依次指定字典名和放在方括号内的键：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span> : <span class="string">'red'</span> , <span class="string">'number'</span> : <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">number_fruits = fruits[<span class="string">'number'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"The number of apple is "</span> + str(number_fruits) + <span class="string">"!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">The number of apple <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="number">5</span>!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-1-2-添加键-值对"><a href="#5-1-2-添加键-值对" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1.2 添加键-值对 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1.2 添加键-值对 </font></h1><p> 字典是一种动态结构，可随时在其中添加键-值对。要添加键-值对，可依次指定字典名、用方括号括起来的键和相关联的值</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span> : <span class="string">'red'</span> , <span class="string">'number1'</span> : <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(fruits)</span><br><span class="line">fruits[<span class="string">'banana'</span>] = <span class="string">'yellow'</span></span><br><span class="line">fruits[<span class="string">'number2'</span>] = <span class="number">13</span></span><br><span class="line">print(fruits)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span>: <span class="string">'red'</span>, <span class="string">'number1'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span>: <span class="string">'red'</span>, <span class="string">'number1'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'banana'</span>: <span class="string">'yellow'</span>, <span class="string">'number2'</span>: <span class="number">13</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<font color="#FF0000">注意：键-值对的排列顺序与添加顺序不同。Python不关心键-值对的添加顺序，而只关心键和值之间的关联关系</font>

<p>有时候为了方便也可以先使用一对空的花括号定义一个字典，再分行添加各个键-值对：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">fruits[<span class="string">'banana'</span>] = <span class="string">'yellow'</span></span><br><span class="line">fruits[<span class="string">'number2'</span>] = <span class="number">13</span></span><br><span class="line">print(fruits)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'banana'</span>: <span class="string">'yellow'</span>, <span class="string">'number2'</span>: <span class="number">13</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-1-3-修改字典中的值"><a href="#5-1-3-修改字典中的值" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1.3 修改字典中的值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1.3 修改字典中的值 </font></h1><p> 要修改字典中的值，可依次指定字典名、用方括号括起来的键以及与该键相关联的新值</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;<span class="string">'color'</span> : <span class="string">'red'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"The color of the fruits is "</span> + fruits[<span class="string">'color'</span>] + <span class="string">"!"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">fruits[<span class="string">'color'</span>] = <span class="string">'yellow'</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"The color of the fruits is "</span> + fruits[<span class="string">'color'</span>] + <span class="string">" now!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">The color of the fruits <span class="keyword">is</span> red!</span><br><span class="line">The color of the fruits <span class="keyword">is</span> yellow now!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>进阶：对一个能够以不同速度移动的外星人的位置进行跟踪，为此，我们将储存该外星人的当前速度，并据此确定该外星人将向右移动多远：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">alien = &#123;<span class="string">'x_position'</span>: <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="string">'y_position'</span>: <span class="number">25</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'medium'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Original x-position: "</span> + str(alien[<span class="string">'x_position'</span>]))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#向右移动外星人，据外星人当前速度决定将其移动多远</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> alien[<span class="string">'speed'</span>] == <span class="string">'slow'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    x_increment = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">elif</span> alien[<span class="string">'speed'</span>] == <span class="string">'medium'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    x_increment = <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    x_increment = <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#新位置等于老位置加上增量</span></span><br><span class="line">alien[<span class="string">'x_position'</span>] = alien[<span class="string">'x_position'</span>] + x_increment</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"New x_position: "</span> + str(alien[<span class="string">'x_position'</span>]))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Original x-position: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">New x_position: <span class="number">2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-1-4-删除键-值对"><a href="#5-1-4-删除键-值对" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1.4 删除键-值对 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1.4 删除键-值对 </font></h1><p> 对于字典中不再需要的信息，可使用del语句将相应的键-值对彻底删除。使用del语句时，必须指定字典名和要删除的键</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fruits = &#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span> : <span class="string">'red'</span> , <span class="string">'number'</span> : <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(fruits)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">del</span> fruits[<span class="string">'number'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">print(fruits)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span>: <span class="string">'red'</span>, <span class="string">'number'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'apple'</span>: <span class="string">'red'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-1-5-由类似对象组成的字典"><a href="#5-1-5-由类似对象组成的字典" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.1.5 由类似对象组成的字典 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.1.5 由类似对象组成的字典 </font></h1><p> 字典储存的可以是一个对象的多种信息，也可以储存众多对象的同一种信息，例如要调查很多人最喜欢的编程语言：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Sarah's favorite languages is "</span> + favorite_languages[<span class="string">'sarah'</span>].title() + <span class="string">"!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Sarah<span class="string">'s favorite languages is C!</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-2-遍历字典"><a href="#5-2-遍历字典" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.2 遍历字典 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.2 遍历字典 </font></h1><h1 id="5-2-1-方法-items-遍历所有的键-值对"><a href="#5-2-1-方法-items-遍历所有的键-值对" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.2.1 方法 items() 遍历所有的键-值对 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.2.1 方法 items() 遍历所有的键-值对 </font></h1><p>使用for循环来遍历字典：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">name = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'username'</span> : <span class="string">'efermi'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'first'</span> : <span class="string">'enrico'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'last'</span> : <span class="string">'fermi'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> key , value <span class="keyword">in</span> name.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nKey: "</span> + key)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"Value: "</span> + value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>输出结果如下：<br><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Key: username</span><br><span class="line">Value: efermi</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Key: first</span><br><span class="line">Value: enrico</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Key: last</span><br><span class="line">Value: fermi</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>for语句的第二部分包含字典和方法items()，它返回一个键-值对列表。接下来，for循环依次将每个键-值对储存到指定的两个变量中</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> name, language <span class="keyword">in</span> favorite_languages.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(name.title() + <span class="string">"'s favorite language is "</span> + language.title() + <span class="string">"."</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jen<span class="string">'s favorite language is Python.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Sarah'</span>s favorite language <span class="keyword">is</span> C.</span><br><span class="line">Edward<span class="string">'s favorite language is Ruby.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Phil'</span>s favorite language <span class="keyword">is</span> Java.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-2-2-方法-keys-遍历字典中所有的键"><a href="#5-2-2-方法-keys-遍历字典中所有的键" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.2.2 方法 keys() 遍历字典中所有的键 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.2.2 方法 keys() 遍历字典中所有的键 </font></h1><p> 在不需要使用字典中的值时，方法key()很有用，下面来遍历字典favorite_languages，并将每个被调查者的名字都打印出来：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> favorite_languages.keys():</span><br><span class="line">    print(name.title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jen</span><br><span class="line">Sarah</span><br><span class="line">Edward</span><br><span class="line">Phil</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>遍历字典时，会默认遍历所有的键，因此，如果将上述代码中的<code>for name in favorite_languages.keys():</code>替换为<code>for name in favorite_languages:</code>输出结果将不变<br>进阶：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">friends = [<span class="string">'phil'</span>, <span class="string">'sarah'</span>]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> favorite_languages.keys():</span><br><span class="line">    print(name.title())</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> friends:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"Hi "</span> + name + <span class="string">", I see your favorite languages is "</span> + favorite_languages[name].title() + <span class="string">"!"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Jen</span><br><span class="line">Sarah</span><br><span class="line">Hi sarah, I see your favorite languages <span class="keyword">is</span> C!</span><br><span class="line">Edward</span><br><span class="line">Phil</span><br><span class="line">Hi phil, I see your favorite languages <span class="keyword">is</span> Java!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-2-3-函数-sorted-按顺序遍历字典中的所有键"><a href="#5-2-3-函数-sorted-按顺序遍历字典中的所有键" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.2.3 函数 sorted() 按顺序遍历字典中的所有键 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.2.3 函数 sorted() 按顺序遍历字典中的所有键 </font></h1><p>字典总是明确地记录键和值之间的关联关系，但获取字典的元素时，获取顺序是不可预测的，要以特定的顺序返回元素，一种办法是在for循环中对返回的键进行排序，为此，可以使用函数sorted()来获得按特定顺序排列的键列表的副本：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> sorted(favorite_languages.keys()):</span><br><span class="line">    print(name.title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Edward</span><br><span class="line">Jen</span><br><span class="line">Phil</span><br><span class="line">Sarah</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-2-4-方法-values-遍历字典中的所有值"><a href="#5-2-4-方法-values-遍历字典中的所有值" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.2.4 方法 values() 遍历字典中的所有值 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.2.4 方法 values() 遍历字典中的所有值 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'java'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> languages <span class="keyword">in</span> favorite_languages.values():</span><br><span class="line">    print(languages.title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Python</span><br><span class="line">C</span><br><span class="line">Ruby</span><br><span class="line">Java</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这种做法提取字典中所有的值，而没有考虑是否重复，<font color="#FF000">为剔除重复项，可使用集合(set)</font>，集合类似于列表，但每个元素都必须是独一无二的：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : <span class="string">'c'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : <span class="string">'ruby'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : <span class="string">'python'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> languages <span class="keyword">in</span> set(favorite_languages.values()):</span><br><span class="line">    print(languages.title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">C</span><br><span class="line">Python</span><br><span class="line">Ruby</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-3-嵌套"><a href="#5-3-嵌套" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.3 嵌套 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.3 嵌套 </font></h1><p>有时候，需要将一系列字典储存在列表中，或将列表作为值储存在字典中，这称为嵌套。可以在列表中嵌套字典、在字典中嵌套列表甚至在字典中嵌套字典</p>
<h1 id="5-3-1-字典列表"><a href="#5-3-1-字典列表" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.3.1 字典列表 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.3.1 字典列表 </font></h1><p>下面代码创建三个字典，每个字典都表示一个个学生，将这三个字典都放到一个名为students的列表当中，遍历列表将每个学生都打印出来：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">student_0 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span> : <span class="string">'anily'</span> , <span class="string">'class'</span> : <span class="number">2</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">student_1 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span> : <span class="string">'nikey'</span> , <span class="string">'class'</span> : <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">student_2 = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span> : <span class="string">'heyk'</span> , <span class="string">'class'</span> : <span class="number">3</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">students = [student_0 , student_1 , student_2]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> student <span class="keyword">in</span> students:</span><br><span class="line">    print(student)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'anily'</span>, <span class="string">'class'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'nikey'</span>, <span class="string">'class'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'heyk'</span>, <span class="string">'class'</span>: <span class="number">3</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>进阶：使用 <code>range()</code> 自动生成三十个外星人：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#创建一个用于存储外星人的空列表</span></span><br><span class="line">aliens = []</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#创建三十个绿色的外星人</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> alien_number <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    new_alien = &#123;<span class="string">'color'</span> : <span class="string">'green'</span> , <span class="string">'points'</span> : <span class="number">5</span> , <span class="string">'speed'</span> : <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    aliens.append(new_alien)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#显示前五个外星人</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> alien <span class="keyword">in</span> aliens[:<span class="number">5</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    print(alien)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"......"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#显示创建了多少外星人</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Total number of aliens: "</span> + str(len(aliens)))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">......</span><br><span class="line">Total number of aliens: <span class="number">30</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在上述例子中，虽然每个外星人都具有相同特征，但在Python看来，每个外星人都是独立的，我们可以独立地修改每个外星人：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">aliens = []</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> alien_number <span class="keyword">in</span> range(<span class="number">30</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    new_alien = &#123;<span class="string">'color'</span> : <span class="string">'green'</span> , <span class="string">'points'</span> : <span class="number">5</span> , <span class="string">'speed'</span> : <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    aliens.append(new_alien)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> alien <span class="keyword">in</span> aliens[<span class="number">0</span>:<span class="number">3</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> alien[<span class="string">'color'</span>] == <span class="string">'green'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        alien[<span class="string">'color'</span>] = <span class="string">'yellow'</span></span><br><span class="line">        alien[<span class="string">'points'</span>] = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">        alien[<span class="string">'speed'</span>] = <span class="string">'medium'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> alien <span class="keyword">in</span> aliens[:<span class="number">5</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    print(alien)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"......"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"Total number of aliens: "</span> + str(len(aliens)))</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'yellow'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'medium'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'yellow'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'medium'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'yellow'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">10</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'medium'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'color'</span>: <span class="string">'green'</span>, <span class="string">'points'</span>: <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="string">'speed'</span>: <span class="string">'slow'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">......</span><br><span class="line">Total number of aliens: <span class="number">30</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-3-2-在字典中存储列表"><a href="#5-3-2-在字典中存储列表" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.3.2 在字典中存储列表 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.3.2 在字典中存储列表 </font></h1><p>有时候需要将列表储存在字典中，而不是将字典储存在列表中：<br>例一：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#储存所点比萨的信息</span></span><br><span class="line">pizza = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'crust'</span> : <span class="string">'thick'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'toppings'</span> : [<span class="string">'mushrooms'</span> , <span class="string">'extra chees'</span>] ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#概述所点的比萨</span></span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">"You ordered a "</span> + pizza[<span class="string">'crust'</span>] + <span class="string">"-crust pizza"</span> + <span class="string">"with the following toppings :"</span> )</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> topping <span class="keyword">in</span> pizza[<span class="string">'toppings'</span>]:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\t"</span> + topping)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">You ordered a thick-crust pizzawith the following toppings :</span><br><span class="line">	mushrooms</span><br><span class="line">	extra chees</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>例二：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">favorite_languages = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'jen'</span> : [<span class="string">'python'</span> , <span class="string">'ruby'</span>] ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'sarah'</span> : [<span class="string">'c'</span>] ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'edward'</span> : [<span class="string">'go'</span> , <span class="string">'ruby'</span>] ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'phil'</span> : [<span class="string">'python'</span> , <span class="string">'java'</span>] ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> name , languages <span class="keyword">in</span> favorite_languages.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\n"</span> + name.title() + <span class="string">"'s favorite languages are:"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> language <span class="keyword">in</span> languages:</span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">"\t"</span> + language.title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Jen<span class="string">'s favorite languages are:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">	Python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">	Ruby</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Sarah'</span>s favorite languages are:</span><br><span class="line">	C</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Edward<span class="string">'s favorite languages are:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">	Go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">	Ruby</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Phil'</span>s favorite languages are:</span><br><span class="line">	Python</span><br><span class="line">	Java</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="5-3-3-在字典中存储字典"><a href="#5-3-3-在字典中存储字典" class="headerlink" title=" - 5.3.3 在字典中存储字典 "></a><font color="#FF0000"> - 5.3.3 在字典中存储字典 </font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">users = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'aeinstein'</span> : &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'first'</span> : <span class="string">'albert'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'last'</span> : <span class="string">'einstein'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'location'</span> : <span class="string">'princeton'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; ,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'mcurie'</span> : &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'first'</span> : <span class="string">'marie'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'last'</span> : <span class="string">'curie'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'location'</span> : <span class="string">'paris'</span> ,</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; ,</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> username , user_info <span class="keyword">in</span> users.items():</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\nUsername : "</span> + username)</span><br><span class="line">    full_name = user_info[<span class="string">'first'</span>] + <span class="string">" "</span> + user_info[<span class="string">'last'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    location = user_info[<span class="string">'location'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\tFull name : "</span> + full_name.title())</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">"\tlocation : "</span> + location .title())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Username : aeinstein</span><br><span class="line">	Full name : Albert Einstein</span><br><span class="line">	location : Princeton</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Username : mcurie</span><br><span class="line">	Full name : Marie Curie</span><br><span class="line">	location : Paris</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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