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      <a title='Python3 爬虫学习笔记 C11' href='/2019/09/04/A41-Python3-spider-C11/'><img class='thumbnail' src='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/TRHX/ImageHosting/ITRHX-PIC/thumbnail/spider.png'></a>
    
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        Python3 爬虫学习笔记 C11
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      <p>Python3 学习笔记&nbsp;/&nbsp;爬虫学习</p>
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        <p>字数统计:</p>
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          <blockquote>
<center><font color="#1BC3FB" size="4">Python3 爬虫学习笔记第十一章 —— 【MongoDB数据储存】</font></center>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>
<h1 id="【11-1】关于-MongoDB"><a href="#【11-1】关于-MongoDB" class="headerlink" title="【11.1】关于 MongoDB"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.1】关于 MongoDB</font></h1><p>MongoDB 属于非关系型数据库，即 NoSQL（Not Only SQL），NoSQL 是基于键值对的，不需要经过 SQL 层的解析，数据之间没有耦合性，性能极高，非关系型数据库分为以下几种：</p>
<ul>
<li>键值存储数据库：Redis、Voldemort、Oracle BDB 等；</li>
<li>列存储数据库：Cassandra、HBase、Riak 等；</li>
<li>文档型数据库：CouchDB、MongoDB 等；</li>
<li>图形数据库：Neo4J、InfoGrid、Infinite Graph 等。</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="【11-2】MongoDB-基本操作语句"><a href="#【11-2】MongoDB-基本操作语句" class="headerlink" title="【11.2】MongoDB 基本操作语句"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.2】MongoDB 基本操作语句</font></h1><figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 创建数据库（如果数据库不存在就创建数据库, 存在就切换到指定的数据库）</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">use</span> DATABASE_NAME</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 查看所有数据库</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">show</span> dbs</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 查看当前所在数据库</span><br><span class="line">db</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 删除当前数据库</span><br><span class="line">db.dropDatabase()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 删除集合</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.drop()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 创建集合</span><br><span class="line">db.createCollection(<span class="string">"COLLECTION_NAME"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 插入文档</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.insert(<span class="keyword">document</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.save(<span class="keyword">document</span>) </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 更新文档</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.update()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 删除文档</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.remove()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"># 查询文档</span><br><span class="line">db.COLLECTION_NAME.find(<span class="keyword">query</span>, projection)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-3】连接-MongoDB"><a href="#【11-3】连接-MongoDB" class="headerlink" title="【11.3】连接 MongoDB"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.3】连接 MongoDB</font></h1><p>连接 MongoDB 需要导入 pymongo 库，使用 <code>MongoClient()</code> 方法，向其传入地址参数 host 和 端口参数 port 即可 </p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>也可以直接传入 MongoDB 的连接字符串：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(<span class="string">'mongodb://localhost:27017/'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-4】指定数据库"><a href="#【11-4】指定数据库" class="headerlink" title="【11.4】指定数据库"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.4】指定数据库</font></h1><p>使用以下语句皆可指定一个名为 spiders 的数据库：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">db = client[<span class="string">'spiders'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-5】指定集合"><a href="#【11-5】指定集合" class="headerlink" title="【11.5】指定集合"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.5】指定集合</font></h1><p>MongoDB 的每个数据库包含多个集合（collection），类似于关系型数据库 MySQL 中的数据表，使用以下语句皆可指定一个名为 students 的集合：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">collection = db[<span class="string">'students'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-6】插入数据"><a href="#【11-6】插入数据" class="headerlink" title="【11.6】插入数据"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.6】插入数据</font></h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">students = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.insert(students)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 spiders 数据库的 students 集合里，新建一条学生数据，该数据以字典形式表示，调用 collection 的 <code>insert()</code> 方法插入数据，在 MongoDB 中，每条数据都有一个_id 属性来唯一标识。如果没有显式指明该属性，MongoDB 会自动产生一个 ObjectId 类型的_id 属性。<code>insert()</code> 方法会在执行后返回 _id  值，在 MongoDB 数据库里面可以看到已经成功插入数据，输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>d6f1a4b57b65e1547bb3c24</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<fancybox><br><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/TRHX/ImageHosting/ITRHX-PIC/A41/01.png" alt="01"><br></fancybox>

<p>进阶操作：同时插入多条数据，以列表形式传递：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">students1 = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">students2 = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110106'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'AAAA'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">22</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.insert([students1, students2])</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f2be3cd1721962218a709'</span>), ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f2be3cd1721962218a70a'</span>)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<fancybox><br><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/TRHX/ImageHosting/ITRHX-PIC/A41/02.png" alt="02"><br></fancybox>

<p>PyMongo 3.x 及以上版本中，推荐使用 <code>insert_one()</code> 和 <code>insert_many()</code> 方法来分别插入单条记录和多条记录，示例：</p>
<p>插入单条记录</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">students = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.insert_one(students)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.inserted_id)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>返回的是 InsertOneResult 对象，调用其 <code>inserted_id</code> 属性获取_id：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.results.InsertOneResult object at <span class="number">0x0000020ED91A5608</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span>d6f73940fe700c5a7ac19f0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>插入多条记录</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">students1 = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">students2 = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110106'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'AAAA'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">22</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.insert_many([students1, students2])</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.inserted_ids)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>返回的类型是 InsertManyResult，调用 <code>inserted_ids</code> 属性可以获取插入数据的_id 列表：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.results.InsertManyResult object at <span class="number">0x0000021698DD36C8</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">[ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f68598fa881c69b2e0006'</span>), ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f68598fa881c69b2e0007'</span>)]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-6】数据查询"><a href="#【11-6】数据查询" class="headerlink" title="【11.6】数据查询"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.6】数据查询</font></h1><p>事先已经创建好 spiders 数据库和 students 集合，包含以下数据：</p>
<figure class="highlight sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">_id:ObjectId("5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa5")</span><br><span class="line">id:"17110105"</span><br><span class="line">name:"TRHX"</span><br><span class="line">age:20</span><br><span class="line">gender:"male"</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">_id:ObjectId("5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa6")</span><br><span class="line">id:"17110106"</span><br><span class="line">name:"AAA"</span><br><span class="line">age:20</span><br><span class="line">gender:"male"</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">_id:ObjectId("5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa7")</span><br><span class="line">id:"17110107"</span><br><span class="line">name:"BBB"</span><br><span class="line">age:19</span><br><span class="line">gender:"female"</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">_id:ObjectId("5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa8")</span><br><span class="line">id:"17110108"</span><br><span class="line">name:"CCC"</span><br><span class="line">age:22</span><br><span class="line">gender:"male"</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查询方法一：利用 <code>find_one()</code> 或 <code>find()</code> 方法进行查询， <code>find_one()</code> 查询得到的是单个结果，<code>find()</code> 则返回一个生成器对象</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.find_one(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查询 name 为 TRHX 的数据，返回一个字典类型：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa5'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查询方法二：根据 ObjectId 查询，查询时需要使用 bson 库里面的 objectid：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> bson.objectid <span class="keyword">import</span> ObjectId</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.find_one(&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa7'</span>)&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查询结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa7'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110107'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'BBB'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">19</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'female'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用 <code>find()</code> 方法查询多条数据：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">results = collection.find(&#123;<span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(results)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">    print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>find()</code> 方法返回一个生成器对象，遍历得到所有数据，每条数据都是字典类型：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.cursor.Cursor object at <span class="number">0x00000191F69AAA90</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa5'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa6'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110106'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'AAA'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa8'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110108'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'CCC'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在查询条件中加入比较符号进行查询，以下代码实现了年龄大于等于20的数据查询：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">results = collection.find(&#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'$gte'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>&#125;&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">    print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>符号 <code>$gte</code> 表示大于等于，查询结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa5'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa6'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110106'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'AAA'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa8'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110108'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'CCC'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">22</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<center>附表：各种比较符号</center>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>符号</th>
<th>含义</th>
<th>示例</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$lt</td>
<td>小于</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$lt’: 20}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$gt</td>
<td>大于</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$gt’: 20}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$lte</td>
<td>小于等于</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$lte’: 20}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$gte</td>
<td>大于等于</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$gte’: 20}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$ne</td>
<td>不等于</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$ne’: 20}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$in</td>
<td>在范围内</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$in’: [20, 23]}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$nin</td>
<td>不在范围内</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$nin’: [20, 23]}}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>在查询条件中加入功能符号进行查询，以下代码用正则匹配实现了对名字以 T 开头的学生数据的查询：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">results = collection.find(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'$regex'</span>: <span class="string">'^T.*'</span>&#125;&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">    print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>查询结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'_id'</span>: ObjectId(<span class="string">'5d6f95d40828142f1dc35fa5'</span>), <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'17110105'</span>, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span>, <span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'male'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<center>附表：各种功能符号</center>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>符号</th>
<th>含义</th>
<th>示例</th>
<th>示例含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$regex</td>
<td>匹配正则表达式</td>
<td>{‘name’: {‘$regex’: ‘^T.*’}}</td>
<td>name 以 T 开头</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$exists</td>
<td>属性是否存在</td>
<td>{‘name’: {‘$exists’: True}}</td>
<td>name 属性存在</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$type</td>
<td>类型判断</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$type’: ‘int’}}</td>
<td>age 的类型为 int</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$mod</td>
<td>数字模操作</td>
<td>{‘age’: {‘$mod’: [5, 0]}}</td>
<td>年龄模 5 余 0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$text</td>
<td>文本查询</td>
<td>{‘$text’: {‘$search’: ‘Mike’}}</td>
<td>text 类型的属性中包含 Mike 字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$where</td>
<td>高级条件查询</td>
<td>{‘$where’: ‘obj.fans_count == obj.follows_count’}</td>
<td>自身粉丝数等于关注数</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>其他操作：<a href="https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/operator/query/</a></p>
<h1 id="【11-7】数据计数"><a href="#【11-7】数据计数" class="headerlink" title="【11.7】数据计数"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.7】数据计数</font></h1><p>调用 <code>count()</code> 方法可以统计查询结果有多少条数据，输出结果为一个整数：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.find(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'$regex'</span>: <span class="string">'^T.*'</span>&#125;&#125;).count()</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-8】数据排序"><a href="#【11-8】数据排序" class="headerlink" title="【11.8】数据排序"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.8】数据排序</font></h1><p>调用 <code>sort()</code> 方法，向其传入排序的字段及升降序标志即可完成排序：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">ascending = collection.find().sort(<span class="string">'name'</span>, pymongo.ASCENDING)</span><br><span class="line">descending = collection.find().sort(<span class="string">'name'</span>, pymongo.DESCENDING)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'升序排列：'</span>, [result[<span class="string">'name'</span>] <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> ascending])</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'降序排列：'</span>, [result[<span class="string">'name'</span>] <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> descending])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">升序排列： [<span class="string">'AAA'</span>, <span class="string">'BBB'</span>, <span class="string">'CCC'</span>, <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">降序排列： [<span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'CCC'</span>, <span class="string">'BBB'</span>, <span class="string">'AAA'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-9】数据偏移"><a href="#【11-9】数据偏移" class="headerlink" title="【11.9】数据偏移"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.9】数据偏移</font></h1><p>利用 <code>skip()</code> 方法偏移几个位置，就可以跳过前几条数据，获取偏移量之后的几个数据；利用 <code>limit()</code> 方法指定获取前几条数据：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">ascending = collection.find().sort(<span class="string">'name'</span>, pymongo.ASCENDING).skip(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">descending = collection.find().sort(<span class="string">'name'</span>, pymongo.DESCENDING).limit(<span class="number">2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'升序排列（偏移量为1，获取后三条数据）：'</span>, [result[<span class="string">'name'</span>] <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> ascending])</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'降序排列（限制获取前两条数据）：'</span>, [result[<span class="string">'name'</span>] <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> descending])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">升序排列（偏移量为<span class="number">1</span>，获取后三条数据）： [<span class="string">'BBB'</span>, <span class="string">'CCC'</span>, <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">降序排列（限制获取前两条数据）： [<span class="string">'TRHX'</span>, <span class="string">'CCC'</span>]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-10】更新数据"><a href="#【11-10】更新数据" class="headerlink" title="【11.10】更新数据"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.10】更新数据</font></h1><p>使用 <code>update()</code> 方法，指定更新的条件和更新后的数据即可：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">condition = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">student = collection.find_one(condition)</span><br><span class="line">student[<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">result = collection.update(condition, student)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>该代码将 name 为 TRHX 的 age 改为了 18，返回结果仍然是字典形式，ok 代表执行成功，nModified 代表影响的数据条数：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'n'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'nModified'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'ok'</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>, <span class="string">'updatedExisting'</span>: <span class="keyword">True</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>进阶操作：使用 <code>$set</code> 操作符对数据进行更新，指定更新的条件和更新后的数据即可，这样做的好处是：只更新指定的 student 字典内存在的字段，如果原先还有其他字段，则不会更新，也不会删除；如果不用 <code>$set</code> ，则会把之前的数据全部用 student 字典替换，如果原本存在其他字段，则会被删除</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">condition = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">student = collection.find_one(condition)</span><br><span class="line">student[<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">18</span></span><br><span class="line">result = collection.update(condition, &#123;<span class="string">'$set'</span>: student&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>和插入数据的 <code>insert()</code> 方法一样，在 PyMongo 3.x 版本里，推荐使用 <code>update_one()</code> 和 <code>update_many()</code> 方法</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">condition = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'TRHX'</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">student = collection.find_one(condition)</span><br><span class="line">student[<span class="string">'age'</span>] = <span class="number">19</span></span><br><span class="line">result = collection.update_one(condition, &#123;<span class="string">'$set'</span>: student&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.matched_count, result.modified_count)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>注意：<code>update_one()</code> 方法不能直接传入修改后的字典，只能使用 <code>{&#39;$set&#39;: student}</code> 的形式传入，可以调用 <code>matched_count</code> 和 <code>modified_count</code> 属性，获取匹配的数据条数和影响的数据条数：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.results.UpdateResult object at <span class="number">0x00000235A1684508</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span> <span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>使用<code>update_many()</code> 方法可以将所有符合条件的数据都更新：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">condition = &#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'$gt'</span>: <span class="number">18</span>&#125;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.update_many(condition, &#123;<span class="string">'$set'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">25</span>&#125;&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.matched_count, result.modified_count)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>匹配所有年龄大于 18 的数据，更新条件为将这些所有满足条件的年龄都设置成 25，输出结果如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.results.UpdateResult object at <span class="number">0x00000285CECC45C8</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">4</span> <span class="number">4</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="【11-11】删除数据"><a href="#【11-11】删除数据" class="headerlink" title="【11.11】删除数据"></a><font color="#ff0000">【11.11】删除数据</font></h1><p>调用 <code>remove()</code> 方法并指定删除的条件，此时符合条件的所有数据均会被删除</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.remove(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'CCC'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'n'</span>: <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="string">'ok'</span>: <span class="number">1.0</span>&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同样的，在 PyMongo 3.x 版本里，推荐使用 <code>delete_one()</code> 和 <code>delete_many()</code> 方法</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymongo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, port=<span class="number">27017</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db = client.spiders</span><br><span class="line">collection = db.students</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.delete_one(&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'AAA'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.deleted_count)</span><br><span class="line">result = collection.delete_many(&#123;<span class="string">'gender'</span>: <span class="string">'female'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">print(result.deleted_count)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>调用 <code>deleted_count</code> 属性可以获取删除的数据条数，输出结果：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;pymongo.results.DeleteResult object at <span class="number">0x0000024441B245C8</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>PyMongo 官方文档：<a href="http://api.mongodb.com/python/current/api/pymongo/collection.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://api.mongodb.com/python/current/api/pymongo/collection.html</a></p>

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